杨宁 发表于 2020-6-20 20:31:45

“三一神论和位格本体研讨会”纪要

<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Simsun; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; "><div class="Section1"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; text-indent: 23.05pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 27.1pt; "><st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="20" month="6" year="2009" w:st="on"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2009</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">年<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月<span lang="EN-US">20</span>日</span></b></st1:chsdate><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,“三一神论和位格本体研讨会”在北京顺利举行,汉语学界“三一论”研究专家李锦纶牧师主持了会议。除了汉语神学界的专家外,还有来自国内各家庭教会的传道人、同工,共计三十多人参加了会议。以下是根据会议录音所整理的内容。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 27.1pt; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; text-indent: 27.1pt; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">会议安排<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 27.1pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">首先介绍一下这次研讨会是怎样开始的。大概在一年多以前,崔传道就有一个提议,希望同工们有一个交流的机会。我也认为这是需要的,这种需要不仅仅是在神学院内,而且我们应该扩大这个范围。其实上帝呼召不同的弟兄姊妹在不同的领域,在每一个领域都会发挥他的恩赐和责任。所以我认为这次研讨会应该是涵盖性的,包括牧者,包括在大学里面的弟兄姊妹,也包括在不同领域,如法律界、出版界等领域的弟兄姐妹,都应该有这样的交流机会。所以我们最后敲定在今年举办这样一个研讨会。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我们也讨论到到底以什么作为第一次研讨的题目最为恰当。我们想到,其实基督信仰是以“三一论”为核心的,所以最后我们将“三一论”确定为此次研讨会的题目。有好几位同工,包括杨弟兄,在去年十一月份就已经开始筹划此次会议。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我要介绍一下筹划这次会议的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">弟兄姊妹</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。首先</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">是</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">范亚峰弟兄。他是一位牧者,也是一位法律</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">学者</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">还</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是一位维权律师,我们的信仰如何切入社会主流中,维权也是一个重要的议题。另外<st1:personname productid="崔" w:st="on">崔</st1:personname>老师和他的妻子,也在这次筹备过程中扮演了非常重要的角色</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我们手中的这些文稿都是</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">她</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">打印的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">另外,我介绍一下今天的三位讲员。首先,我介绍一下罗伟老师,他是一位在华语神学界非常重要的新约学者。在研究启示录方面,他是当前的顶尖人物。他出了一套三册的《启示录释义》,在国内尚未出版,但在国外已经是一套备受重视的启示录释义书。罗伟老师今天会从启示录角度来讲“三一论”。另外一位是<st1:personname productid="章雪富" w:st="on">章雪富</st1:personname>老师</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><st1:personname productid="章" w:st="on"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">章</span></st1:personname><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师是浙江大学的教授,是年轻一代的教父学专家。他和他的妻子都做过许多翻译和出版,主要是在初代教父的著作方面。今天他要讲到奥古斯丁《论三位一体》的第十章,从这本书的第十章来讨论三位一体。我介绍一下我自己</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,我</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">叫李锦纶</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我曾经在香港、台湾、加拿大都住过相当长一段时间,来国内也有很长的时间了,所以我对国内的情况也有一定的了解。我的博士论文是研究奥古斯丁的,但我的兴趣更加广泛,我对系统神学有浓厚的兴趣,最近也对美学产生兴趣,包括画和音乐。今天我要讲的是“当代东方教会对三一论议题的贡献”。今天,在对“三位一体”议题的讨论上,东方教会重新提出在初代时讨论的一些议题和结果,我觉得对西方教会是一个重要的启迪。今天特别是从当代东方教会的角度提出“三一论”的课题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>    </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我讲一下今天的安排。上午主要是介绍方式,是单向型的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">有问题可以记下来,下午第一部分就是跟进这些议题。下午有三个讨论方向</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第一个方向就是“存有”的问题,即</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。我们讲到三位一体,到底三位一体是如何存有的呢?另外,讲到位格, 位格的存有与一般的存有到底有什么不同呢?这是一个非常重要的议题,不论是在哲学方面还是在神学方面它都是一个终极性的议题。我们不一定有最后的答案,但我们需要去接触这些问题。其实,神学是不断发展的,它有一个开放性,这种开放是一种向真理的开放,神学是越来越好的神学,不是说现在已经完整了,以后不需要讨论了。其实我们是站在既有的对真理的认识,但是希望更加深入地认识,这是我们应有的态度。第二个议题是讨论三一论与我们的属灵生活有什么关系,特别是讲到与崇拜的关系。三位一体的生活与我们的崇拜生活有什么相关,或者完全不相关?但是不相关的话,这只不过是一个学术议题而已。如果相关的话,它就是一个非常核心的属灵生活的议题了。今天陈知纲弟兄会对此议题发言,做一下归纳。第三个是一个卫道的议题,就是三位一体信仰与其他信仰有什么不同。如果没有不同的话,那么信回教也一样。假如有不同的话,那么不同在哪里?在我们跟回教徒传福音的时候,到底可以从哪一个角度切入呢?尤其是讲到</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三一</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的时候,我们如何维护我们的信仰?也让对方了解</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三一</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">才是最真实的一神信仰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">然后是其他一些需要讨论的事。下一次会议是否需要继续?如有要继续,题目是什么?参加会议的人是否要分享一下你的领受,包括在信仰和认识经历方面的领受?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">主题发言之一<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">李锦纶:“</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三一论</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">”</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">发展概览</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我要讲的内容包含在我的一套书的上册《永活上帝生命主》的七、八、九章里,下册叫《</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">道成肉身救赎源</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">》。我主要讲三个方面的内容:一个是初代教会三一论的发展,一个是当代教会三一论的发展,还有一个就是圣经里面的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三一</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">总的来讲,三一论的发展,从初代教会到当代,有两个时期:一个是从初代教会到西方教会的奥古斯丁就告一段落,当然,其实在东方教会也有继续发展,只是没有太多注意;另一个发展阶段是从二十世纪初的卡尔</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">·巴特直到今天。其实现在我们是继承了</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">这个阶段</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的三一论发展,包括我们今天的研讨会都是在这样的一个运动中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">除了这两个大的时期的划分外,初代教会还有一个重要的分水岭</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">尼西亚会议,所以我们可以把初代教会三一论的发展分为前尼西亚时期三一论的发展和后尼西亚时期三一论的发展。前尼西亚时期的发展高峰是俄里根</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">后尼西亚时期发展分为西方教会和东方教会。西方教会的代表人物是奥古斯丁,他是集大成者。而东方教会的代表就是加帕多家教父,他们是三一论在初代教会发展的一个高峰。我们也可以说,从三一论的整体讨论来说,把东西方教会合起来看,初代教会三一论的最高成果仍然是加帕多家教父的贡献。当然,奥古斯丁也有他的贡献,但是从整个框架来看,加帕多家教父是一个跨时代的影响。而且这种影响不仅是在神学领域,在哲学领域也是一个新的开创。即便到了二十一世纪的今天,在哲学上提到位格这一议题时,仍要回到加帕多家教父那里。对于基督论、救赎论、社会伦理的讨论都离不开位格的议题。因此加帕多家教父的贡献是非常重要的。在今天西方神学的讨论中,重新提到东方教会在初代的贡献,是有充分的理由的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">一、圣经里的三一关系</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我们先来讨论圣经中所讲的关于三一论的议题。一般会有人认为,三一论是初代教会的产物,因为在圣经中找不到任何一节经文,上帝说我是三位一体的神。我们可以说“三位一体”的用词的确是在初代教会才出现的,但是三位一体的真理却是在圣经中就有的,不仅在新约圣经中出现,而且在旧约圣经中已经有暗示。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我们从两个方面来看。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">首先,在旧约中讲到耶和华上帝时,上帝(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Elohim</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)这个词是复数形格。当然从文法上解释,这是一个专称复数形格的词。换句话说,一个词的复数形格可能有不同的意思,一个是数量上的多的意思,另外一个就是专称的意思。在法文、德文、里都有这种情况。在西方语言里面,包括希伯来文,是有这种表达的,就是用复数形格来表示它的深厚性,用多这个观念来表示它的深层性。但是,我们不需要排除</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Elohim</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">im</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">有可能表示某种多的意思,这种多不是一般的多,而是暗示语义上的多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在旧约中起码有三处经文值得我们思考。第一处经文是在创世纪一章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">26</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">27</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节:“上帝说:‘我们要照着我们的形像,按着我们的样式造人,使他们管理海里的鱼、空中的鸟、地上的牲畜和全地,并地上所爬的一切昆虫。’”“上帝说”中的“上帝”,用的是单数,“我们要按照我们的形像”中的“我们”,用的是复数。从讲话的状况来分析,说与说的内容是有分别的,说的时候是像</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">对</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">外说的,说的内容是向内说的,一个是外</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">指</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">性,一个是内</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">指</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">性。在这里,我们看到一个特别的架构,外</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">指</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">性用的是单数,内</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">指</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">性用的是复数。第二处经文是在创世纪十一章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节:“耶和华说:‘看哪,他们成为一样的人民,都是一样的言语,如今既做起这事来,以后他们所要做的事就没有不成就的了。我们下去,在那里变乱他们的口音,使他们的言语彼此不通。’”这个也是,“耶和华说”是外</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">指</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">性,用的是单数,“我们”是内</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">指</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">性,用的是复数,在文法上应该叫“倡议性的行动”。第三处经文更加清楚,是在以赛亚书六章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">8</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节:“我又听见主的声音说:‘我可以差遣谁呢?谁可以为我们去呢?’”“我差遣”同样是外</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">指</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">性的行为,用单数,“为我们”是内</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">指</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">性的,用复数。在旧约研究里提出了这样一个解释,就是这些经文中的复数是指侍立在上帝周围的天使来讲的。但是,如果是天使的话,很难解释第一处经文。难道我们也是按照天使的形像被造的吗?这是不可能的。这种解释可能可以用于第二处经文。但解释第三处经文也有困难。如果能解释的话,好像要首先假设天使与上帝有一个平等的地位。在这里,最自然的一个解释就是,这个是内涵在神格内的多</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">与</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">一的意义,而这个意义是有位格性的。这里讲的“我”与“我们”,是位格意义的一与多的问题。所以,我们可以说,在旧约中已经隐含了三一的暗示。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">还有,从旧约的一神论的角度来看的话,我们会发现旧约的一神论,其实不是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">monotheism</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,而是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">monolatry</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">monotheism</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是哲学用词,就是说神观是单一的。而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">monolatry</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">不是一个哲学用词,而是一个行为用词,或者说是宗教信仰用词,是就单一敬拜对象而言。旧约的一神观是讲敬拜对象单一性的问题。所以,这里是开了一扇门,就是人在对上帝的敬拜行为中,只有单一窗口。从上帝的角度来讲,对外也是单一窗口,在旧约里单一窗口是耶和华。所以旧约中讲到圣灵时,说的是“耶和华的灵”。耶和华是敬拜对象的代表,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">包括了</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">父、子、圣灵。“除了我以外,你不可有别的神”是指,除了单一窗口耶和华为敬拜对象以外,不可有别的偶像或别的神明。这是在排除其他敬拜对象的前提下所讲的对单一敬拜对象的崇拜,这个“一”有敬拜对象的合一性或统一性之意,而且并未排除在神格内有更加丰富的内容。所以,旧约的一神观不是抽象化的一神观,而是在信仰敬拜生活中的一神观。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在新约部分,有多处经文讲到三位并列,比如马太福音二十八章</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">十九</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节:“所以,你们要去,使万民作我的门徒,奉父、子、圣灵的名给他们施洗。”哥林多后书十三章</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">十四</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节:“愿主耶稣的恩惠,上帝的慈爱,圣灵的感动,常与你们众人同在!”彼得前书一章</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">二</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节:“就是照父神的先见被拣选,藉着圣灵得成圣洁,以至顺服耶稣基督,又蒙他血所洒的人:愿恩惠、平安多多地加给你们!”这样的形式,在新约中比较明显。在新约的三一论讨论中,要注意三位关系的议题。约翰的著作,包括约翰一书、约翰福音、启示录,都是讲到三一关系的重要书卷。保罗也讲过三一的关系,但是与约翰比起来,在深度、透视能力上都不如约翰。所以,如果要从新约中了解三一关系的话,就不能放过约翰的著作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">二、初代教会三一论的发展</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">说到初代教会的发展,最初是以新约为基础,讲到了父、子、圣灵并列,但是对圣子、圣灵的位格地位的认识,却有一个发展的过程。最初讲到圣子的道时还不是很清楚,道是否在创世时才开始的呢?虽然在上帝的永恒中道是固有的,但他的位格独立性、独特性到底从什么时候开始的呢?而且圣灵也没有太多讨论。由于圣灵在圣经里是比较隐藏的,所以在三一论的发展中,圣灵的神性的位格地位是在后期才确立的。这不是说以前不承认他的神性,只不过以前没有太多讨论,也可能不太清楚,所以暂时没有去发展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">到了第二世纪,爱任纽开始讨论今世三一、程序性三一的议题。在今世三一的讨论当中,还是从外展性的工作来看三一,而没有进到神格内讨论三一。外面的工作如创造的工作、救赎的工作、启示的工作等等,从中看到三位彼此之间到底如何关联,但还没有从三一的内核来讨论。所以,这是一个慢慢地由外到内的进程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">然后,特土良提出“位格”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(Persona)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这个词,原义是“面具”。但从字源上来说,除了面具外还有更深的意思。在拉丁文中,“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">per</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">”是“通过”,“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">sona</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">”是“声音”,其实看到的面具不是最真实的,最真实的是它后面的声音,声音才代表了内容。所以,假如没有声音的话,面具都是空的。从这个角度来看,我们会发现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;Persona</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这个词可能有更深的内涵,也就是后来的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,这是在东方教会讨论位格这个词时,后来发展出来的意思。其中有两个维度。一个是外在性的,一个是内在性的。外在维度是一个与其他事物或人物产生关联的维度,内在维度是他本身的内容内涵是什么的维度,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;Persona</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">中已经隐含这层意思。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">继续发展下去就到了俄里根,他的讨论结合了尼西亚会议以前讨论的结果。在俄里根之前,存在神格唯一论的问题。神格唯一论是初代教会时期的一个异端,它之为异端的原因就是它没有办法处理一与三并存的问题。的确,从一个平面的角度是无法处理这个问题的。神格唯一论有两个分支,一个是动态神格唯一论,一个是形态论。动态神格唯一论承认位格是真实的,但是认为只有一个位格</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">圣父的位格才是真实的,圣子、圣灵都不是真实的位格。子的位格也是存在的,但却是人的位格,只不过上帝给他特别的能力,就像旧约的先知那样,从而不承认圣子的神性位格。在动态神格唯一论看来,圣灵只是能力的表现而已,所以根本没有位格。另外一个是形态论,它承认“三位一体”中的“议题”的存在的实在性,但“三位”都是面具,是不真实的。所以,形态论也无法处理一与三的关系,一是一体的一,三却是虚假的。在这种情况下,俄里根做了一个处理。他承认父与子的关系是真实的,可惜他的处理也有一个弱点,就是无法把圣父与圣子放在同一个层次上。虽然他承认圣子的神性,但这个神性与圣父的神性又有不同。他提出了一个词,叫第二位的神,或者次位神。但是这很容易引起误解。什么叫次位神?是否在神与人之间还有一个层次?假如那样的话就变成古希腊神话中的英雄,英雄也是以神的一种形态出现。所以,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">demigod</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是半神半人的形态。我相信俄里根本人没有这样的误解,他只是希望用跟父不同的一个词来讲圣子,但之后就有人把他这一点曲解了,于是就产生了阿利乌斯主义</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">(或称亚流主义,<span lang="EN-US">Arianism</span>)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。所以有人说阿利乌斯主义的产生与俄里根有关。不过反过来说,在历史的进程中,在特定的历史点上,很难看清以后会发生什么事情,因此要以谅解的心态接纳俄里根的用词不当。但最起码他提到圣子与圣父一样具有神性,而且是独立的、与圣父不同的位格者,这是非常重要的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">尼西亚会议以后,三一论的讨论继续发展,就产生了东西方教会两条路径。西方教会是从“三位一体”的“一体”的角度来讨论三与一的关系,而东方教会是从合一的三位之间的关系来讨论的。这是两个不同的角度,但是都希望能够接的上。我们会发现从奥古斯丁的用词上,还有在加帕多家教父在重新定义“三一存有”时,有这样的一种情况。注意到奥古斯丁讲到“一”时,到底是指什么,他认为是一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">essence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,就是一个本质。在此,他没有用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">substantia</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,英文是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">substance</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Sub</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">under</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">stantia</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">standing</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">substantia</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">就是有什么撑着它,就是存在一个东西。而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">essence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的意思是模糊的,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">它</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">可以指性质,本质就是本来的性质</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这样的观念就没有排除多个的意思。但是奥古斯丁也不放弃一个存在体的观念。他用模糊的词</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">essence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,来表达他的观点,我想也是考虑很久的。在奥古斯丁的三一论的讨论中,他曾多次尝试要找一个典范出来,最后用人的构成作为一个典范。我们会发现在不同的著作里有不同的说法,但是基本上都是那些东西。一个与存在有关,对应于人的记忆(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">memory</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">),代表父。一个是与理性(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">intellect</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)有关,代表子。一个是与意志(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">volition</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)有关,代表圣灵。在这里,奥古斯丁讲的记忆,不是一般意义上的记忆,它的隐含意义是潜意识。他所讲的记忆,是在人的心灵深处的内容。人之所以会记得东西,是因为曾经历过事物都在心灵深处,所以在没有意识到的时候会自己冒出来。意志与爱相关,在奥古斯丁的观念中,感情部分的核心内容是意志的委身,所以两个词基本是同义词,都与圣灵关联,因为圣灵是催促人的意志重新定向。在奥古斯丁的典范里面,既然人是按照上帝的形像被造的,那么人里面就应该有反映三位一体的内容。即便不能完全反映,也能找到一些痕迹。当然,奥古斯丁对这个典范也不是太满意,所以他一直在寻找,但直到去世也没有找到一个更令他满意的典范。这个典范的最大问题是,虽然它可以呈现父、子、圣灵的特性,但是却无法呈现位格议题。当然这个典范本身也有它的内在性,它与东方教会提出的观念可以产生一致性,就是说在子和圣灵如何延伸到父的问题上,子是延伸了父的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">ekstasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,圣灵是延伸了父的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">东方教会提出的观点,主要是关于“三位如何是一”的。东方教会主要讲到“合一”的问题,但是并未过多讲到存在体,当然这并不是排除存在体的意思,只是重点在讲“三位如何合一”的问题。在加帕多家教父的著作中,认为三位的本性是从一种互动、相交的关系中而为一的,这个“一”是动态的。在讲到三位的位格时,提到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">ekstasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">两个词。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">substantia</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">原义是同一词,就是在它下面有什么撑着它,是本质之意,后来慢慢成为位格的意义,在讲到位格时就用这个希腊词</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。那么</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">到底是什么意思呢?比如讲到人,他的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,到底是什么致使他之所以为他。我如何定义今天的我,是同我的经历有关的,我的经历成为我的历史的内容,而这是不断累积,所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是动态的。同时这种动态也是有规范的,他与生俱来的特性是基础,对于不同的事情的不同回应就会产生不同的累积内容。问题在于如何回应,即如何回应周围的人、事、物,就成为你之为你的因素。所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是深层性的,与奥古斯丁的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">memoria</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是相关的。而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">ekstasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是延展出去的,是一个位格者与别的位格者产生的互动。在这里,位格不是封闭的,而是开放的,不是静态的,而是动态的,而且在动态之中有规范,由其本性规范。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">到了中世纪,仍然沿用初代教会的解释。宗教改革时期,三一论也没有太大的发展,不过路德和加尔文发展了圣灵的成圣观。到了十九世纪,对三一论的发展最有贡献的是黑格尔。他的哲学是三位一体的哲学,只可惜他不是要发展神学,而是要发展他自己的哲学体系。但是他用三一构建发展他的辩证法,却对三一神学有着很大的影响。在他早期的作品,曾经讨论过如何解读三位一体。他认为应该从生命体的角度来理解三位一体,提出将植物作为典范来解释三一关系。我认为他是开对门了,可惜他以后的观点不是要建造教会的,反而把他的那套理论绝对化了,变成了一套压迫人的政治理论体系。但是他的观点我们不能全盘否定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三、二十世纪以后的三一论发展</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">二十世纪三一论的重新提出是由于康德的缘故</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">康德的哲学提出一个好像无人能打破的僵局,就是现象界与本体界之间的鸿沟如何跨越的问题。简单来讲,康德认为人只能认识现象界的事物,就是我们的感观可以接触到世界。而感观不可接触的世界是本体界,就是思考、现象出来的世界,我们无法认识。在这里,康德不是要提升本体界,而是认为本体界是现象出来的,不是真实的。这样的一个格局在我们谈到上帝时如何打破呢?康德会说上帝是本体界的事情,人是无法知道他是否存在的。卡尔·巴特用这种方式来解决这个问题</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">人可以只能认识现象界而不能认识本体界,但上帝可以通过启示来打破这个僵局。通过启示,上帝可以把他想要人明白的关于他自己的事情显明在现象界,启示就成了人认识上帝的管道。在这里牵涉一个问题,就是到底上帝启示的是什么内容呢?巴特认为这个启示是与三一有关的。首先就是启示者本身(父)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">然后就是启示的内容(子)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">还有就是启示的效果(圣灵)。至于在逻辑上是否</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">如此,这</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是可以商榷的,但是起码他提出了通过启示打开三一论的问题。在启示这个事件中,我们可以看到父、子、圣灵的不同位分。在这里有一个新的议题,就是关系的议题,二十世纪的三一论讨论就是从关系的角度展开的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这里牵涉到三种关系。一是神格内三位之间的关系;二是神格内在的关系与外在三一所彰显的今世三一的关系</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三是三一与世界的关系。这三种关系都有其重要性,但这些并不全是新的内容,有些在初代教会已有讨论,只是在二十世纪继续发展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">简单来讲,神格内的临在性三一与今世三一一般被认为是对应的,即外面所看到的三位的关系,就是神格内三位的关系。另外,神格内三位的关系就是团契相交的关系。上帝与世界之间的关系是开放的关系,即上帝通过圣子向世界开放。莫特曼指出,上帝向世界的开放,只有在末世基督再来的时候才能完全体现出来,因为那时被造界得赎。总之,被造界不是与上帝隔绝的。在谈到内在三一与世界的关系时,提到了永恒的议题,到底永恒是静态的还是动态的呢?到底永恒里有无持续性?假如永恒是静态的,似乎无法理解生命如何可能的问题,因为生命是动态的。假如说在动态的生命里面是静态的,到底如何理解呢?于是就有人提出,永恒虽然与时间不一定一样,但应该是有动态性的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,这些</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我们要继续讨论下去</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">回到三一论的本体论议题上来</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">虽然它是初代教会发展的议题,但是我认为在二十世纪的讨论中还是不能忽略,而且要同步发展,希望从中得到一些启迪。回到典范问题,用什么典范最适合解释三一的存有呢?我认为还是回到葡萄树和枝子的关系上来,虽然</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">耶稣</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">讲葡萄树时并不是讲三位一体的问题,而是讲他与门徒的关系,但是他与门徒的关系就是在灵里合为一体的关系。因此我们可以借用这个典范来解释三位一体。这个典范既可以解释三位一体和三位合一,也可以解释三位一体是生命共同体的观念。其实特土良早已提出一个行政共同体的观念来解释三位一体。但我觉得葡萄树的典范可以更好解释这个共同体。从外在的角度来讲,是一棵葡萄树,是一个生命共同体。从内在角度来讲,是共享一个生命,是合而为一的。我自己做一个比喻。主干代表父,枝子代表子,只不过这个枝子比较特殊,只有一个</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,因为是独生子</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。没有子就没有父,没有父也不可能有子。运送葡萄树所需养分的汁液代表圣灵,让主干的生命可以贯穿整个葡萄树。我认为这个可能是比较合理的比喻。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 20px; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">主题发言之二<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; text-indent: 47.2pt; line-height: 20px; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">罗伟:启示录中的三一论<span lang="EN-US"> – </span>兼论教会和世界</span></b><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">对<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>如何解读启示录<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的问题,教会历史所留给我们的,乃是一个各说各话的局面。以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>教会历史<span lang="EN-US">” </span>来看这卷书的,大有人在<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>历史派<span lang="EN-US">)</span>;以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>末日事件之描述<span lang="EN-US">” </span>来看待它的,也不乏其人<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>未来派<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。在此同时,也有释经者主张,我们必须以第一世纪的背景,来理解启示录<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>过去派<span lang="EN-US">)</span>;而以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>善恶相争<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之原则来读这卷书的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">理想派<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,也在学界中,占有一席之地。此一<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>各说各话<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之现象的具体反映,就是一本出版于<span lang="EN-US">1997</span>年的启示录注释书;因为在这本解经书中,作者并不亲自动手释经,而是将上述四个派别对经文的理解,分别介绍给读者,并将它们以平行并排的方式来陈列。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在新约诸多书信中,恐怕只有启示录之注释书,能以此种方式出现的了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">此一<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>各说各话<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的现象,乃因释经者对启示录的文体,即,启示文学,无法完全掌握,或是没有给予足够的注意所致。而此<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>不察<span lang="EN-US">” </span>或是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>缺失<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,不单影响到我们对经文含义的理解,也将进一步的影响到我们对启示录神学思想之掌握。但启示文学作品的特色为何?一个广被学者们所接受的定义是﹕</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 22.55pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 20px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">启示文学是一种采用故事形态的文学作品;在其中属天的启示,是由另一个世界中的使者,传递给一个人,告诉他超越时间和空间的真理。就时间的角度来说,这个真理是关于末世救恩的;而就空间的角度来说,它则是属于另一个,并且是超越这个宇宙的。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">因此启示文学作品的目的,在从超越这个世界和未来的角度,来解释现今在此世界中的情况,并借着如是从神而来的权柄,叫其读者能重新审视他们对事物的理解和他们的行为。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 20px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">此一定义,虽然简约,但却把启示文学的特色,完全的表达了出来。但此定义对解释启示录,又有什幺意义呢?简而言之,此一定义让我们确认,约翰借着启示录所要传递的,乃是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>藉异象用象征来呈现超越时间和空间之真理<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">本于此一认知,在下面我们将不会以传统<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>系统神学<span lang="EN-US">”</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的方式,来整理启示录中的神学,而会将神论,人论,教会论等等议题,放在<span lang="EN-US">“</span>时间<span lang="EN-US">” </span>和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>空间<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的两个框架下来陈述。此举没有任何一丁点标新立异的企图,而只是想要对这卷书的文体,表达尊重之意,并藉此方式,让读者对启示录文体的特色,有更多的理解。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 16px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 16px; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; ">空间<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">正如前述,启示录的文体特色之一,乃是要借着那在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>另外一个空间中所出现的人事物<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,来表达真理;而在约翰的笔下,这个<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>另外的一个空间<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,就是他所看见的异象了。但由于异象乃是另外的一个空间,因此为了让这个空间,和我们所身处的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>这个世界<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之间有所区隔,约翰也就让其异象中的人事物,以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>象征<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的形态出现。但出现在他的异象中,究竟有谁呢?而他们之间的关系又是如何的呢?他们在约翰的异象中,又做了什幺事呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 16px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 16px; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; ">神圣的三一神<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">借着传统书信的问安语句,约翰从启示录的一开始,就已经显示他对三一神之认识,因为在<span lang="EN-US">1:4-6</span>那里他所说的是,教会所能得着<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>恩惠和平安<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之福,乃是从三一神而来,即,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>今在昔在将要再临<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的神,那<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>在宝座前的七灵<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>圣灵<span lang="EN-US">)”</span>,<a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>信实作见证,从死里首先复活,和做为世上诸王之元首的耶稣基督<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。而此一平铺直述的语句,在<span lang="EN-US">4-5</span>章的天庭异象中,就成了一幅立体的画面﹕父神安稳的坐在祂的宝座之上<span lang="EN-US"> (4:2-3)</span>,而在祂的宝座前,则有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>七盏火灯<span lang="EN-US"> = </span>神的七灵<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>圣灵;<span lang="EN-US">4:5)</span>;和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>像是被杀过的羔羊<span lang="EN-US">” (5:6)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 16px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 16px; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; ">三一神的神性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但约翰是如何显示三一神的神性的呢?就父神而论,约翰乃是以好几个方式来显示祂属神之特性的﹕<span lang="EN-US">(1) “</span>坐宝座的<span lang="EN-US">” </span>一语在启示录中重复的使用,</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">当然显示父神为王做主的地位,但祂所坐宝座的四脚,即,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>如狮似牛像人又像鹰<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之四活物<span lang="EN-US"> (4:6b-7)</span>,却也显示出祂超越人间各样活物的神性。<a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(2) </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">约翰对神形像的描述<span lang="EN-US"> - </span>好象碧玉和红宝石,以及他对围绕神宝座之虹的论述<span lang="EN-US"> - </span>好象绿宝石<span lang="EN-US"> (4:3)</span>,也照样显示出<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>坐宝座者<span lang="EN-US">” </span>非凡荣耀的面向。当然,<span lang="EN-US">(3) “</span>坐宝座者<span lang="EN-US">” </span>超越一切的神性,不单在四活物对祂所发<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>圣哉!圣哉!圣哉!<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的颂词中,<span lang="EN-US">(4:8)</span>,清晰可见,也在四活物,<span lang="EN-US">24</span>位长老<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>新旧约圣徒的象征<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,以及天地间一切受造物,在祂面前俯伏敬拜的动作中,显明了出来<span lang="EN-US"> (4:8-11; 5:13-14)</span>。再者,<span lang="EN-US">(4) </span>祂因过去创造世界之事而被颂赞的场景<span lang="EN-US"> (4:11)</span>,也和祂在新天新地降临之时所要发出的宣告<span lang="EN-US"> - </span>看哪,我将一切都更新了<span lang="EN-US"> (21:5a)</span>,前呼后应,并因此就显示出祂乃创造这个世界的主和神。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">那幺圣子呢?约翰又是以怎样的方式,来表达祂的神性呢?与圣父在启示录问安语中的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>平起平坐<span lang="EN-US">” (1:4-6)</span>,当然显示了祂属神的身分,但在启示录中,约翰为要凸显耶稣基督的神性,可说是用心良苦。怎幺说呢?<span lang="EN-US">(1) </span>在<span lang="EN-US">1:9-20</span>的拔摩异象中,约翰对人子的描述<span lang="EN-US"> (1:13-16)</span>,多从旧约而来;而其中除了有类似于旧约天使的特色之外,像是身穿长衣,胸束金带等等,也有那原属耶和华神的特征,例如,头与发皆白,声音如同众水的声音等等。因此人子不单和天使一样,有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>属天<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的特性,也更有着与旧约耶和华神一样的形像。不单如此,在后面的注释中我们也将看见,人子的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>发白,眼如火,和铜脚<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,在旧约背景的对照之下,所象征的乃是祂的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>全善,全知和全能<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,因此祂属神性的特色,也在这些让人瞠目结舌的形像中,有了完整的呈现。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(2) </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在后面的分析中我们将会看见,启示录七封书信之形式和内容,像是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>某某某如此说<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的起首语,以及书信中所包含之责备,劝诫,和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>条件式的刑罚<span lang="EN-US">” </span>等等,都是耶和华神透过先知向其百姓所发神谕中,经常出现的元素;因此当约翰让人子透过具有先知身分的他,写信给七个教会,并且也采用旧约神谕的形式之时,他就已经让人子,如旧约耶和华神之于其百姓那样的,成为神新约子民的主了。但正如耶和华神在带领以色列百姓出埃及之后,以十二支派的方式,组织他们成为一支要与迦南人争战的军队一样<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>民<span lang="EN-US">1-2)</span>,约翰也让人子藉其宝血,从各族各方各民各国中买赎回来之人<span lang="EN-US"> (1:5-6; 5:9-10)</span>,成为一支十四万四千人的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊之军<span lang="EN-US">” (7:1-17; 14:1-5)</span>。不单如此,当年属耶和华的以色列人,因着得蒙救赎离开埃及,而在红海边上,大唱得胜之歌<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>出<span lang="EN-US">15:1-18)</span>,照样,这支因着羔羊之血而得以胜过海兽之军队<span lang="EN-US"> (7:14; 14:4-5)</span>,也将要在天上的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>红海<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>玻璃海<span lang="EN-US">)” </span>边上,开口歌唱<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>摩西之歌<span lang="EN-US">” </span>和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊的歌<span lang="EN-US">” (</span>启<span lang="EN-US">15:2-4)</span>。换句话说,正如耶和华神乃以色列百姓之救赎主,约翰在启示录中,也让羔羊扮演了相同的角色,只是如今属神百姓的范围,已从以色列一族,变为万国中得蒙救赎之人了。如是模拟,也在约翰以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊之新妇<span lang="EN-US">” (19:7-8; 21:2, 9) </span>做为教会之比喻的手法中,清晰可见,因为在旧约中,以色列百姓和耶和华神之间的关系,也正是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>幼年的妻<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之于耶和华<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>丈夫<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(3) </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上述分析显示</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在做为救赎主的角色上,羔羊,在约翰的笔下,和耶和华神并没有两样。但旧约中的上帝,也是那刑罚世界,审判以色列仇敌的神。因此在启示录中,审判这个世界的权柄,在羔羊的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>死,复活和升天<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之后,就是在祂借着受苦而胜过了撒旦之后,也成为人子与父神所共享的,因为祂不单与父神同坐宝座<span lang="EN-US"> (3:21; 22:1, 3)</span>,也手拿<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>死亡和阴间的钥匙<span lang="EN-US">” (1:18)</span>。准此,祂也就成为天地之间,唯一有资格能从父神手中领取书卷<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>神永恒计划的象征;<span lang="EN-US">5:7)</span>,揭开七印<span lang="EN-US"> (6:1ff)</span>,并借着七印七号和七碗之灾,来刑罚这个世界的那一位。当然在祂骑着白马,率领众军,第二次再来之时,祂之于这个世界,也正是个不折不扣的审判官<span lang="EN-US"> (19:11-21)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(4) </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">做为属祂子民的救赎主和做为这个世界的审判官,羔羊,和祂的父一样,理当受到敬拜。因此在天庭异象中,当祂从父神手中领取了书卷之后,天庭中的四活物<span lang="EN-US"> (= </span>世界<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,<span lang="EN-US">24</span>位长老<span lang="EN-US"> (= </span>新旧约圣徒<span lang="EN-US">) </span>和众天使<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>灵界的存在<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,就都俯伏敬拜,并开口颂赞祂<span lang="EN-US"> (5:8-12)</span>。对<span lang="EN-US">21</span>世纪的基督徒来说,敬拜羔羊,是极其自然的事,但对初代教会而言,特别是对那些谨守<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>除我以外,你不可有别神<span lang="EN-US">” (</span>出<span lang="EN-US">20:3) </span>之诫命的犹太基督徒来说,羔羊当受敬拜,并不是一件很容易就被接受的事。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">因此羔羊在天庭中受到敬拜的异象,可说是祂具有神性的最好说明。当然约翰是十分清楚<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊得着敬拜<span lang="EN-US">” </span>一事,对其同胞犹太人所可能产生的巨大冲击,因此在天庭异象中,他也十分小心的,先让父神得着敬拜<span lang="EN-US"> (4:8-11)</span>,而后才让子也得着敬拜。不单如此,在子也得着敬拜之后,他也才顺势的让<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>父子<span lang="EN-US">” </span>同受敬拜<span lang="EN-US"> (5:13-14)</span>;而此模式,也就在启示录的后面,成为一个常态了<span lang="EN-US"> (7:9-10, 15-17; 19:1-8; 22:1, 3)</span>。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">类似显示人子羔羊乃与父神同有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>神格<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的例子还有许多,</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但上述的四个例证已经足以让我们看见,人子羔羊乃与父有相同的神性。但圣灵呢?约翰对圣灵之<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>神格<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的看法,是怎样的呢?在启示录的问安语中<span lang="EN-US"> (1:4-6)</span>,圣灵乃是夹在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>父<span lang="EN-US">” </span>和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>子<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之间的,因此祂的神性,从启示录的一开始,就已经得着肯定。而约翰在启示录中,四次以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>七灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>做为圣灵之名,也显示他对圣灵之神性的认识<span lang="EN-US">(7 = </span>完全<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。不单如此,在约翰四次以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>在灵里<span lang="EN-US">” </span>一语,做为他见异象的前提时<span lang="EN-US"> (1:10; 4:2; 17:3; 21:10)</span>,他也显示了他对圣灵的认识,因为在这个词组背后的,乃是以西结书中的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>耶和华的灵在我身上<span lang="EN-US">” (</span>结<span lang="EN-US">1:3; 3:22; 8:1; 37:1; 40:1)</span>。换句话说,约翰所在之<span lang="EN-US">“</span>灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>里,乃是耶和华的灵。更有意思的是,在七封书信一开始,约翰都清楚告诉我们,这些书信乃是人子向七个教会所说的话<span lang="EN-US"> (2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">7, 14)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,但在这七封书信的结尾之处,约翰却又很一致的指出,这些书信乃是</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">圣灵向众教会所说的话<span lang="EN-US">” (2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22)</span>。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">因此在这个几乎无法叫人无法察觉的手法中,圣灵的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>神格<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,也再次显明了。再者,圣灵的神性,也可以从另外一个角度得知。在天庭异象中,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>七灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的确没有如被杀羔羊那样的,被其它天庭活物所敬拜<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>四活物,<span lang="EN-US">24</span>位长老和众天使<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,但祂却也不在敬拜羔羊之列。因此在祂<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>没有敬拜羔羊<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的现象中,七灵与其它天庭活物有别,而与羔羊同格的真理,也隐含在其中。和约翰<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>多次多方<span lang="EN-US">” </span>让<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>子与父同有神格<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之努力相较,他在显示圣灵之<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>神格<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的事上,不论就质或量的角度来说,都完全不成比例。但此现象是否表示他<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>轻忽圣灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>呢?恐怕不是,因为<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>在灵里<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的他,只能依着圣灵的引领和指示,以显明基督为他主要的工作<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>启<span lang="EN-US">1:1)</span>;因为圣灵的工作重点之一,就在叫人认识基督<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>约<span lang="EN-US">14:26-27; 15:26; 16:13-14)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; ">三一神的作为<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">父子圣灵同格<span lang="EN-US">” </span>已经很清楚了,但祂们之间的关系,又是如何的呢?就神学而言,这个问题是又重又大的,但若从启示录来看,此一问题却恐怕没有我们想象的那幺巨大和难解,因为在约翰的异象中,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>父子圣灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的角色和关系,是以各样的画面和动作来表达的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">就父神而言,祂乃是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>坐在宝座上的<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,也从不离开其宝座。不论就主动或是被动的角度来看,祂的动作都不多。在全书前言的部分,祂只说了一句话﹕我是阿拉法,我是俄梅戛;我是今在昔在将要再临的;我是全能者<span lang="EN-US"> (1:8)</span>,而在全书本文的部分<span lang="EN-US"> (1:9-22:9)</span>,祂也只在世界受到审判的七碗之灾中,以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>成了<span lang="EN-US">” </span>来结束这个段落<span lang="EN-US"> (16:17)</span>,并在新天新地的异象中,以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>看哪,我将一切都更新了<span lang="EN-US">…” </span>等等的话语<span lang="EN-US"> (21:5-8)</span>,来总结这个世代,并引进新的创造。因此在启示录中,父神主动的作为,只是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>说话<span lang="EN-US">” </span>而已。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但这恐怕已然足够,因为如是特色,正反映了祂在旧约中所给人的整体印象﹕祂说话,事就这样成了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但在启示录中,祂的作为,还包括了那些被动的部分。祂让子从其手中领取书卷是其一<span lang="EN-US"> (5:7)</span>,而这个被动的动作,对整个世界来说,其结果却是惊天动地的,因为从此之后,祂就与子共享祂审判世界之权柄。除此之外,在启示录中,我们也多次看见约翰借着所谓<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>神圣之被动<span lang="EN-US"> (divine passive)” </span>的语法,</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">来让其读者知道,世人之所以会被各样灾殃攻击<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>例如,<span lang="EN-US">6:2, 4, 8; 9:1, 3, 5)</span>,圣徒之所以会在兽的手下受苦<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>例如,<span lang="EN-US">13:5, 7, 15)</span>,或是圣徒之所以可能拥有审判世界之权柄<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>例如,<span lang="EN-US">20:4)</span>,都是在神的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>容许<span lang="EN-US">” </span>或是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>赏赐<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的前提之下,才有可能发生。因此借着神主动和被动的作为,约翰所要强调的是,在这个世界中所发生的一切事,都在神的掌控之下。祂是这个世界的主和王,因此没有一件事情,对祂来说会是个<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>意外<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。祂安稳的坐在祂的宝座上,而祂永恒的计划,也要按部就班的在人类的历史中成就。而这一切,也早已显明在<span lang="EN-US">1:8</span>中,祂所做的宣告里面了﹕我是阿拉法,我是俄梅戛;我是今在昔在将要再临的;我是全能者。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">相对于父神,人子羔羊则在三一神中,位居第二;因为祂乃是从父手中,领取那象征神永恒计划之书卷<span lang="EN-US"> (5:7)</span>,并揭开<span lang="EN-US"> (= </span>执行<span lang="EN-US">) </span>其上七印的那一位<span lang="EN-US"> (6:1ff)</span>。祂的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>死,复活和升天<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,是祂之所以能从父神手中领取书卷的前提,因此在启示录中,除了祂的被杀之外<span lang="EN-US">(5:6)</span>,约翰对<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>耶稣的生平<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,完全没有提及。或者我们应该这幺说,对约翰而言,耶稣一生事工的意义,正在祂死在十字架上的事上,完全的表达了出来,因此在论及神国的过去现在和将来之时,约翰的焦点,也就自然要放在那个具有决定性意义的事件之上了。而约翰对此一事件的重视,也在他让人子以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之姿出现<span lang="EN-US">28</span>次的设计中<span lang="EN-US"> (“</span>基督<span lang="EN-US">” </span>七次;<span lang="EN-US">“</span>耶稣<span lang="EN-US">” 14</span>次<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,反映了出来。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但此羔羊,却在其复活升天之后,成了<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>犹大支派中的狮子<span lang="EN-US">” (5:5)</span>。因此做为神所应许之弥赛亚的祂,一方面就要成为<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>在七个金灯台<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>教会<span lang="EN-US">)” </span>中行走<span lang="EN-US"> (1:13)</span>,并拥有七星<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>七教会在天庭中的代表;<span lang="EN-US">1:16, 20) </span>的那一位;也就是说,祂乃是教会之主;而在另外一方面,祂也要透过教会所背负之<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊的见证<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,向这个世界宣告祂的王权,并在人类的历史中,借着各样的天灾人祸,显示祂审判的权柄。由是祂就数点圣徒,在他们的额上盖上属祂的印记,并叫他们成为一支为数有十四万四千人的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊之军<span lang="EN-US">” (7:1-17; 14:1-5)</span>;并在祂第二次降临之时,率领他们与祂同来,审判这个世界<span lang="EN-US"> (19:11-21)</span>。但做为羔羊之军元帅的祂,会不会<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>拥兵自重<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,建立自己的国呢?当然不,因为祂所设立的国,乃是属神的,是一个百分之百以事奉神为职事的祭司国度<span lang="EN-US"> (1:6; 5:9-10; 11:15)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">那幺圣灵呢?祂在启示录中所扮演的角色又是什幺呢?就父子圣灵之关系来看,祂因着被羔羊所拥有<span lang="EN-US"> (3:1; 5:6)</span>,因此就在顺序上,次于人子。但祂在启示录中所扮演的角色是什幺呢?在前面我们已经提及,向七个教会开口说话的,除了人子之外,也是圣灵,因此祂也是教会的主,是医治,劝化,责备,和鼓励教会的那一位。在天庭异象中,约翰对祂的描述,乃是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>七眼<span lang="EN-US"> = </span>七灵<span lang="EN-US"> = </span>奉差遣往普天下去的<span lang="EN-US">” (5:6)</span>,因此祂乃是鼓动教会,催促她向这个世界见证羔羊的那一位。为了显示圣灵和羔羊,教会,以及祂和世界之间的密切关系,约翰除了多次论及<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>教会属羔羊<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,并借着<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>两个见证人的异象<span lang="EN-US">” (11:3-13)</span>,来显示教会和世界的关系之外,祂也在启示录中,以另外一种方式,来强化这四者之间的连结。怎幺说呢?就<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊和圣灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>而言,约翰叫<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊<span lang="EN-US">” </span>在这卷书中,出现了<span lang="EN-US">28</span>次,而与之对应的,则是四个<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>七灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的词组<span lang="EN-US"> (4 × 7 = 28)</span>;就<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>七灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>七教会<span lang="EN-US">” </span>来说,它们在启示录中所出现的次数,却也都是四次;而就<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>七教会<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和那代表全世界的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>各族,各方,各民,各国<span lang="EN-US">” </span>来看,前者所出现的四次,和后者所出现的七次,却也都有了<span lang="EN-US"> “28” </span>的乘积。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">如是对应应该不是巧合,而是约翰为了让圣灵,羔羊,教会,和世界之间,有更紧密之连结而有的。但圣灵的工作,并不只在催促教会传福音而已,在两个见证人的异象中,我们也还看见祂,即,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>从神而来的生气<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>灵<span lang="EN-US"> []</span>;<span lang="EN-US">11:11)”</span>,叫这个两个已经殉了道的见证人,再次的活了过来。因此圣灵除了在教会传福音的事上,扮演一个关键性的角色之外,祂也要在将来永恒神国完全成就的事情之中,成为一个不可或缺的要角。催促教会之主走向<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>殉道<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的圣灵,已经让羔羊从死里复活了;而促请教会走上同一条路的祂,能不在将来叫她也一样从死里复活吗?毕竟祂乃是神权能的展现,是叫死人复活之神的灵。但在这事发生之前,祂,和那与祂密不可分之新妇教会,都同心合意的期盼基督的第二次再临﹕圣灵和新妇都说,来<span lang="EN-US"> (22:17)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; ">教会<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在启示录中,教会虽然以许多不同的面貌出现,但她的所是和所为,却相当清楚。就其个别的组成分子而言,她乃是羔羊藉其宝血,从<span lang="EN-US">“</span>各族各方各民各国<span lang="EN-US">” </span>中买赎回来之人,所组成的群体<span lang="EN-US"> (1:5-6;5:9-10)</span>,但由于羔羊救赎之功所能涵盖的范围,也包括了旧约以色列百姓中,以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>信<span lang="EN-US">” </span>遵守<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>旧约<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之人,因此就群体而论,教会乃是由<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>信主的犹太人和外邦人<span lang="EN-US">” </span>所共同组成的。而此一<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>延续旧约子民<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的特色,也就让约翰将旧约中,原本只属以色列百姓之<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>祭司国度<span lang="EN-US">” </span>称号,加在教会身上了<span lang="EN-US"> (1:6; 5:10)</span>。因此从一开始,约翰就已经为教会下了一个清楚的定义﹕约的子民。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">做为蒙救赎之<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>约的子民<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,她当然要肩负起随着恩典而来的责任。因此在七封书信中<span lang="EN-US"> (2-3)</span>,她属灵的表现,就要受到教会之主的检验。但祂检验她的标准是什幺呢?除了她是否向这个世界做羔羊见证,扮演好她做为金灯台的角色之外,还能是什幺呢?但此角色容不容易扮演好呢?但然不,由是约翰在接下来的异象中就让我们看见,教会虽然因着她在世上所要扮演的角色,会遇见许多试探,也因此要在这个世界的手下受苦,但她却是额上有神印记的军队<span lang="EN-US"> (7:1-8)</span>;而她属天的地位,也已确立<span lang="EN-US"> (7:9-17)</span>。这个真理是如此的重要,因此约翰在启示录中,就以许多不同的方式来重复论述了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">第一,在启示录<span lang="EN-US">11</span>章中,教会乃是化身为两个见证人,因为在神的定规之中,一个有效的见证,要有两个人才能成立。而在这个异象中,约翰也借着他们所行之神迹,像是从天降火,降下旱灾,甚或是叫水变血等等,显示神在传福音之事上,所赋与他们的权柄。当然在这个异象中,约翰也没有忘记世界对教会的敌意,因此在这两个见证人,忠心的尽上他们的本分之后,他们也就被杀害,并且被曝尸三天半。但正在人为他们之死而欢呼庆贺之时,神却叫他们从死里复活,并在世人的面前,和他们的主一样的,驾云升天而去。如是恩典和荣耀,乃是神对他们尽忠职守的奖赏和</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">回</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">应。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">第二,在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>红龙,妇人和男孩<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的异象中<span lang="EN-US"> (12:1-15:4)</span>,约翰借着<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>妇人因生下男孩而被红龙撒旦逼迫<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的图画,再次的显示了教会因着福音的缘故,要受到世界逼迫的事实。红龙和牠的两个爪牙,海兽和陆兽,联手攻击了圣徒,而其程度之严重,使得约翰甚至必须以那叫人十分难以下咽的话,来鼓励教会﹕要被掳掠的,就被掳掠罢!要被刀杀的,就被刀杀罢!圣徒的忍耐和信心,就是在此<span lang="EN-US">” (13:10)</span>。因此在此情况中,教会可说是连一点喘息的空间都没有,而她也似乎只能在如此邪恶的权势面前,俯首称臣。但在此同时,约翰却又借着十四万四千人在天上之锡安山上,大唱羔羊之歌的画面,显示了教会属天的身分<span lang="EN-US"> (14:1-5)</span>,并在接下来的段落中,借着<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>天使传福音<span lang="EN-US">” </span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>天使收割<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的两组异象<span lang="EN-US"> (14:6-13, 14-20)</span>,来显示教会之福音行动,所具有的属天意义<span lang="EN-US"> - </span>接受福音的,将要如庄稼般的被收割,而拒绝福音的人,将要如收割了的葡萄,在酒醡中被踹踏。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">第三,在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>大淫妇巴比伦<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的异象中<span lang="EN-US"> (17:1-19:10)</span>,约翰先是借着<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>大淫妇坐在众水之上<span lang="EN-US">” </span>和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>她喝醉了为耶稣做见证之人的血<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的描述<span lang="EN-US"> (17:1, 6, 18)</span>,显示罗马之强大,和在她手下之教会,所必然要面对的苦难。但此图画,却在接下来的经文中,完全的翻转了过来。因为那浓妆艳抹,交游广阔,并整日奢华宴乐的大淫妇,在神审判来临之时,将要变成一贫如洗,众叛亲离<span lang="EN-US"> (18:1-24)</span>;而那原先在她手下受苦的圣徒,却要在天庭中,为此而举行一个庆祝大会<span lang="EN-US"> (19:1-10)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">第四,在启示录的结尾之处,约翰也再次借着殉道者在天上坐宝座的画面<span lang="EN-US"> (20:4-6)</span>,让我们清楚看见,圣徒在地上的受苦,并不是徒然的。因为正是他们所忍受的苦难和逼迫,使他们能够在天上与基督做王一千年。不单如此,在基督再临之时,他们也将成为那随基督同来的众军,亲身参与在末日的审判中<span lang="EN-US"> (19:14)</span>;而在末日白色大宝座的审判中,他们也将出席那个审判大会,亲眼看见他们的仇敌遭报<span lang="EN-US"> (20:11-15)</span>。当然在神新天新地的创造中,他们也有一分。或者我们可以更准确的说,在将来的永恒世代中,以新耶路撒冷之姿现身的教会,将要成为新天新地中的唯一女主角<span lang="EN-US"> (21:1- 22:9)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">综上所述,在约翰异象中的教会,有两个完全相反的面向。从这个世界的角度来看,她是软弱的,是在红龙和海陆二兽手下受苦,并且也在大淫妇巴比伦的淫威之下,苟延残喘。但在此同时,约翰也让我们看见,教会是一支荣耀的羔羊之军;而他们因背负羔羊见证而有的苦难,不单是一条得着荣耀的途径,也是神藉之建立其国度的方法。因此正因着他们所要经历的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>十日<span lang="EN-US">” </span>患难<span lang="EN-US"> (2:10)</span>,永恒之门就要向他们开启。而教会所必须忍受之<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>至暂至轻的苦楚<span lang="EN-US">”</span>, 却要为她带来极重无比,永远的荣耀;</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">因为在永恒中,她将要成为神和羔羊所居住的圣殿和至圣所<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>参,笔者</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">《</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">启示录注释 下</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">21:16, 19, 22</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的注释<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; ">邪恶的三一集团<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在约翰所看见的异象中,除了有神圣的三一神和其子民之外,还有另一个与之相对的集团。此一集团乃由红龙,海兽和陆兽,以及那些依附牠们,在牠们脚前下拜的人所组成<span lang="EN-US"> (12-13</span>章<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。我们在此将<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>红龙和海陆二兽<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,冠之以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>邪恶三一<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的名号,并不只是牠们恰好<span lang="EN-US">“</span>三人成行<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,而是约翰有意要我们以此方式来认识牠们。何以见得?在启示录十三章中,龙将自己的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>能力,宝座和大权柄<span lang="EN-US">” </span>给海兽<span lang="EN-US">(13:2)</span>,以及陆兽叫人拜海兽<span lang="EN-US"> (13:12- 14) </span>的关系,其实正是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>圣父将权柄赐给圣子,而圣灵又荣耀基督<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的反映。不单如此,在海兽<span lang="EN-US">“</span>受了致命伤但又活过来了<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的描述中<span lang="EN-US"> (13:3)</span>,我们也看见基督<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>死在十字架上但又复活了<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的影子。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">而我们在前面所提及,圣灵透过教会向这个世界见证基督的工作<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>真先知<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,也正和陆兽推广<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>海兽<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的工作,如出一辙,也难怪约翰会在启示录的后面,三次以<span lang="EN-US">“</span>假先知<span lang="EN-US">” </span>做为陆兽的别名了<span lang="EN-US"> (16:13; 19:20; 20:10)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但此<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>三一<span lang="EN-US">” </span>乃是邪恶的。<span lang="EN-US">(1) </span>红龙意欲吞吃羔羊男孩,并随后逼迫那将羔羊男孩生下来之妇人的企图,都显示了牠邪恶的本质;而牠借着海陆二兽之手,打压教会的事实,也显示出牠的真面貌。<span lang="EN-US">(2) </span>至于海兽,我们不单在牠<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>开口向神说亵渎的话,亵渎神的名,并祂的帐幕,就是那些住在天上的<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之动作中<span lang="EN-US"> (13:6)</span>,看见了牠敌对神国的态度,也在牠<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>制伏各族各民各方各国<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的举措中<span lang="EN-US"> (13:7)</span>,看见了牠想要在基督之外,另立一个国度的野心。而<span lang="EN-US"> (3) </span>陆兽以各样神迹奇事来迷惑人,要人因此而敬拜海兽,并对那些不从其议之人,毫不手软的打压<span lang="EN-US"> (13:13-18)</span>,都在在显示,牠乃属红龙家族,如假包换。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">从人的角度来看,红龙撒旦和其爪牙海陆二兽,才是这个世界的主。在牠们<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>顺我者昌,逆我者亡<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的号令之下,除了那极少数,已经快要撑不下去的教会之外<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>例如,士每拿教会和非拉铁非教会<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,这个世界可以说是在此一集团的掌控之下。因此牠们可以说是这个世界中,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>主流价值<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的代表,是人人必须向其靠拢,并宣誓效忠的对象。但约翰却不做如是观。在他的异象中,此一集团的头头红龙,乃是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>羔羊男孩<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的手下败将,因为当<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊从死里复活,并升入高天<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之后,牠就已经被赶出了天庭,从天坠落了<span lang="EN-US"> (12:7-12, 13)</span>。而牠从海中和陆上召唤二兽,并藉牠们来逼迫教会的作为,也只是牠想要巩固牠所暂时拥有的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>剩余地盘<span lang="EN-US">” </span>而已。至于那横行于地上的海陆二兽,虽然牠们看来势无可挡,也少有人敢缨其锋,但在约翰的眼中,牠们至多也只能是从无底坑,从海中,并从地中上来的兽<span lang="EN-US"> (11:7; 13:1, 11)</span>。和那被逼迫打压,但却具有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>属天<span lang="EN-US">” </span>荣耀身分和地位的教会相较,看似掌权做王的牠们,却只能是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>源出无底坑<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>海<span lang="EN-US">)”</span>,并也只能在地上做王而已。当然从天坠落的撒旦,以及那从无底坑和地而出的海陆二兽,因着牠们与<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>天<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的无缘,就在末日降临之时,与永恒无分了。和那些要进入新天新地的教会相较,牠们在那个时刻,因此也就只能以硫磺火湖,做为牠们生命和存在的终点<span lang="EN-US"> (19:20-21; 20:10, 15; 21:8)</span>。权倾一时的牠们,到了那个时刻,将要在硫磺火湖的刑罚中,被烈火所消灭。而在牠们面前下拜,与之结盟的世人,也要和牠们同进火湖之中,并要和牠们共尝灰飞烟灭,无人纪念的命运。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; line-height: 20px; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">小结<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在约翰的异象中,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>天<span lang="EN-US">” </span>乃是神圣三一神的所在,也是圣徒现今之所属,和将来永恒的家。而<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>无底坑<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>海<span lang="EN-US">)”</span>,乃是红龙集团所从出的地方,是邪灵权势的源头。至于地,则是这两股势力交锋之所在。此一争战,在伊甸园中已经开打,而其胜负,也在加略山上,有了定夺。但在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>天地合一<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的时刻来到之前,地上的争战还要继续。对红龙集团而言,这是牠们在加略山战役之后,最后反扑的机会,因此这个战争之惨烈,只会随着时间的过去,而日渐加强。但对教会来说,这一段时日,却是她藉<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>受苦的见证<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,将加略山之战的战果扩大的日子。为此战争,她将要付上极为沉重的代价,但从约翰的异象中她却晓得,在羔羊<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>降世<span lang="EN-US"> - </span>死<span lang="EN-US"> - </span>复活<span lang="EN-US"> - </span>升天<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的见证中,她的得胜,是已经得着保证了。她,老实说,是没有任何可以悲观,灰心,甚至丧志的权利。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>天<span lang="EN-US">” </span>已然在羔羊男孩降世和升天之时,两度开启,而教会属天的身分,也已经在羔羊降世和升天的事件中,得着确认。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">因此在她至终被提,进入也回到天家之前,教会所能也必须要做的,也只有不计代价的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>持守羔羊见证<span lang="EN-US">” </span>一事而已。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 16px; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; ">时间<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">由于约翰在异象中所看见的,乃是那<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>超越空间和时间<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的真理,因此我们在此也要从<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的面向,来理解约翰的神学思想。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; line-height: 20px; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">神圣的三一神<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">就父神在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间<span lang="EN-US">” </span>方面所显示的神性而言,约翰乃借着五个类似的词组来表达﹕<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 13.45pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1:4-5<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">愿恩惠平安,从那<b><i>今在昔在将要再临</i></b>的神<span lang="EN-US">…</span>归给你们;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 13.45pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1:8<span>   </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">主神说,我是<b><i>今在昔在将要再临的;</i></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 13.45pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">4:8<span>   </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">四活物<span lang="EN-US">…</span>说,主神全能者,是<i>昔在、今在、将要再来的那一位</i>;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 13.45pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45.5pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.5pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">11:17<span>    </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">二十四位长老<span lang="EN-US">…</span>说,<i>今在昔在的</i>主神全能者啊,我们感谢你,因你已执掌大权作王了;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 13.45pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45.5pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.5pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">16:5<span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">天使说,<b><i>昔在今在的</i></b>圣者啊!你是公义的,因你已施行审判。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 16px; font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">从上列经文来看,除了父神自己的宣告之外<span lang="EN-US"> (1:8)</span>,启示录的作者<span lang="EN-US"> (1:4-5)</span>,以及天庭中的四活物,<span lang="EN-US">24</span>位长老和天使<span lang="EN-US"> (4:8; 11:17; 16:5)</span>,都曾以类似的语言,来颂赞或是描述神的属性。因此单就<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>说话者<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的角度来看,约翰借着这五处经文,显然有意要我们晓得,神所具有<span lang="EN-US">“</span>过去现在和将来<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的时间属性,是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>天地之间所有一切属祂之受造物的共识<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。换句话说,神的神性,除了在祂位居天庭的事上,显示了出来之外,也在祂超越时间之特性中,有了更进一步的表达。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但在细究之下,这五个类似的表述,似乎也</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">略</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">有差异。第一,就前面的三个具有比较完整形式的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US">” </span>来看,<span lang="EN-US"> 4:8</span>的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>昔在,今在,将要再临<span lang="EN-US">” </span>是最合乎逻辑的;而<span lang="EN-US">1:4</span>和<span lang="EN-US">1:8</span>的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>今在,昔在,将要再临<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,就显得有些奇怪了。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但此差异,恐怕是约翰刻意所为,因为在那具有超越时间意义的天庭中,四活物对神的颂赞,当然要以最合乎逻辑之形式出现;但在向受苦圣徒的问安中<span lang="EN-US"> (1:4-8)</span>,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>现在<span lang="EN-US"> (Now</span>!<span lang="EN-US">)” </span>当然比过去来的重要,因此<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>今在<span lang="EN-US">” </span>自然就要跑到<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>昔在<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的前面了。但是不管<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>昔在<span lang="EN-US">” </span>和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>今在<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的次序如何改变,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>将临<span lang="EN-US">” </span>却总是站在压轴的最后,因为这正是圣徒盼望的所在。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">第二,在<span lang="EN-US">1:4, 8</span>和<span lang="EN-US">4:8 </span>中,我们所有的,乃是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>过去现在和将来<span lang="EN-US">”</span>;而在后面两处经文里面,约翰只给了我们<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>过去和现在<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。但此一差异,其实并不真正存在,因为<span lang="EN-US">11:7</span>和<span lang="EN-US">16:5</span>的文脉,乃是神末日的审判,而在其时,神已经<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>再临<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,因此这个<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US">” </span>中的第三个部分,自然就要以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>你已执掌大权作王了<span lang="EN-US">” (11:7)</span>,或是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>你已施行审判<span lang="EN-US">”(16:5) </span>的形式出现了。此一观察显示,约翰借着如是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US">” </span>所要强调的,的确是神超越时间的属性,而此特色,不单具有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>祂过去和现在,在这个世界中掌权<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的意思,也更带着<span lang="EN-US">“</span>历史要依照祂所定下的方向来发展<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的意涵。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但如是理解,却恐怕还未完全将神超越时间之特性,完整的呈现出来。因为隐藏在如是理解背后的,是我们在时间之内的人,对此<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的了解。从整本圣经和启示录来看,人类所经历的时间,是神所创造的<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>创<span lang="EN-US">1:14-17; </span>启<span lang="EN-US">4:11)</span>,因此祂就不必受到时间所具有<span lang="EN-US">“</span>线性<span lang="EN-US">” </span>特色的限制。换句话说,在人类时间之外的祂,就可以在人类的历史之中,行那属于末日,或是具有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>末日意义<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的事。举例来说,在以色列人进入迦南地之时,神所给他们的命令,乃是要他们将此地的居民,全部毁灭。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">此一命令看来过于严峻,也不合<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>人情<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,但由于被神拣选和救赎的以色列人,具有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>圣洁神国<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的特性和角色,因此所有一切不洁的,就要在此神国<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>降临<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之时,受到审判。同样的情况,其实也发生在耶稣基督第一次降世之时,因为祂的降世,显示神国已经闯入了人间,而其结果,不单是信靠祂的人得着拯救,也是这个世界受到审判。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">因此这两个例子清楚显示,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>末日<span lang="EN-US">” </span>不单已经在以色列人进入迦南地之时,也在耶稣基督第一次降世的时候,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>预先的<span lang="EN-US">” </span>闯入了人类的历史之中。当然这些只是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>正片<span lang="EN-US">” </span>上演之前的预告片而已,因为在启示录<span lang="EN-US">19:11-21:8</span>中,约翰就四次的让我们看见,在末日正式来到之际,一切敌对神的人和势力,都要经历硫磺火湖的审判<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>启<span lang="EN-US">19:20-21; 20:10, 15; 21:8)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">从此角度来看,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>昔在,今在,将要再临<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的重点,并不在神的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>永存<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,而是那在时间之外的神,可以并且已经在人类的历史中,做了拯救和审判的动作;而这些行动,都指向祂在末日所要做的事<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>拯救和审判的完成<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。因此在这个词组中最后的部分,约翰就以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>将要再临<span lang="EN-US"> (</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)” </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">之语词,来取代那和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>昔在,今在<span lang="EN-US">” </span>彼此平行的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>永在<span lang="EN-US"> (</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)” </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">了。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">此一理解其实也为父神对自己属性之宣告所证实,因为在<span lang="EN-US">1:8</span>中,紧紧跟随在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>今在,昔在,将要再临<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之后的,乃是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>我是全能神<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。换句话说,此一<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间三重语句<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的重点,在显示神乃是在人类历史中,在现在,也将要在未来,施行拯救和审判的那一位。抽象的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>永存<span lang="EN-US">” </span>容或叫人敬畏,但<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>过去,现在和将来<span lang="EN-US">” </span>都在行动的上帝,却不单叫人得着安慰,也使人生发信靠和感恩之心。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">此乃父神超越时间的神性,以及此一属性对世界和教会的意义。但圣子呢?约翰是以怎样的方式,来呈现圣子超越时间的神性呢?在前面有关<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>空间<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的讨论中我们已经看见,约翰对<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>父子同格<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的真理,可说是用心良苦的反复论述之;而此情况,也在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的面向中,一样出现。怎幺说呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><table class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="516" style="width: 387pt; margin-left: 1.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; "><tbody><tr style="height: 15.45pt; "><td width="52" valign="top" style="width: 39.2pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: black; border-right-color: black; border-bottom-color: black; border-left-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; height: 15.45pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">经文<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: black; border-right-color: black; border-bottom-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; height: 15.45pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1:8<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: black; border-right-color: black; border-bottom-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; height: 15.45pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1:17<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: black; border-right-color: black; border-bottom-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; height: 15.45pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">21:6<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: black; border-right-color: black; border-bottom-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; height: 15.45pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">22:13<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="52" valign="top" style="width: 39.2pt; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-bottom-color: black; border-left-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">说话者<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">神<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">基督<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">神</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">基督</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid; "><td width="52" rowspan="3" style="width: 39.2pt; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-bottom-color: black; border-left-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.3pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">内容</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">阿拉法<span lang="EN-US">/</span>俄梅戛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">阿拉法<span lang="EN-US">/</span>俄梅戛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">阿拉法<span lang="EN-US">/</span>俄梅戛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid; "><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">首先的<span lang="EN-US">/</span>末后的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">首先的<span lang="EN-US">/</span>末后的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid; "><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">初<span lang="EN-US">/</span>终<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="116" valign="top" style="width: 86.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">初<span lang="EN-US">/</span>终<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">此一图表清楚显示,约翰想要借着基督在<span lang="EN-US">22:13</span>的宣告,显示<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>父子同格<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的真理,因为在此节经文中,他除了将基督在<span lang="EN-US">1:17</span>中的宣称<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>首先的<span lang="EN-US">/</span>末后的<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,保留了下来之外,也把父神在<span lang="EN-US">1:8</span>和<span lang="EN-US">21:6</span>的宣告<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>阿拉法<span lang="EN-US">/</span>俄梅戛;初<span lang="EN-US">/</span>终<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,给加了进去。因此就<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的面向来说,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>父和子<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之间,是没有差异的。事实上,此一将<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>子<span lang="EN-US"> = </span>父<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的企图,在<span lang="EN-US">1:17</span>中就已经显明的了;因为<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>首先的和末后的<span lang="EN-US">” </span>语句,乃是耶和华神在以赛亚书<span lang="EN-US">41:4; 44:6</span>和<span lang="EN-US"> 48:12</span>中,向以色列百姓所做的自我启示。因此当约翰将此语句放在人子口中之时,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>父子同格<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的含义,就已经隐藏在其间了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但这些只是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>暗示<span lang="EN-US">” </span>而已。在人子显现于拔摩海岛的异象中,祂对自己身分的宣告,乃是清楚明白,毫不含混的﹕我是首先的,我是末后的;又是那永活的<span lang="EN-US"> (1:17c-18a)</span>。就<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>首先的和末后的<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之语句而言,其含义并非是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>人子站在人类历史的两端<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,而是要显示<span lang="EN-US">“</span>祂在人类历史中,从头到尾都掌权<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的真理。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">因此在这个语词之后,人子也就加上了<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>我是那永活的<span lang="EN-US"> (= </span>满有能力<span lang="EN-US">)” </span>的说明。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">此一附加说明,虽然并不在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>首先的和末后的<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之上,加入更多的含义,但它却让人子的宣称,有了<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的形式。因此和父神一样,人子的神性,也在如是语法中,有了最好的说明。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">和父神之<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>昔在今在将要再临<span lang="EN-US">” </span>相较,子的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>永活<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,不单更为明确,也是祂才刚刚在人类的历史中,显明的事;因此在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>我是首先的,我是末后的;又是那永活的<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之后,人子羔羊就紧接着宣告﹕我曾死过,但是现在活着,直到永永远远;并且拿着死亡和阴间的钥匙<span lang="EN-US">(1:18b-e)</span>。从神永恒计划的角度来看,此一宣告的意义,不</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">容</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">小歔。因为透过这个宣告,人子向我们明示,因着祂的死和复活,末日已然降临<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>我曾死过,但现在活着<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,而永恒之钟,也已敲响<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>我活着直到永永远远<span lang="EN-US">)</span>;因为祂的死和复活,其含义正是神国的得胜<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>我拿着死亡和阴间的钥匙<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">从人子的宣告中,约翰已经晓得<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>末日已然降临<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,但此事关乎重大,因此约翰在启示录的后面,至少两次的又论及了这件事情。第一,在天庭异象中,他借着<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>只有被杀羔羊能从父神手中领取书卷,揭开七印,并对这个世界带来审判<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的情事<span lang="EN-US"> (5:6-7; 6:1ff)</span>,再次显示了此一关乎末日的真理。第二,在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>红龙妇人和男孩<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的异象中,他也借着 <span lang="EN-US">“</span>男孩的被提升天<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>从死里复活<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,并因此导致红龙撒旦被逐出天庭<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的情节<span lang="EN-US"> (12:5, 7-10, 13)</span>,将此<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>末日已临<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的事实,再次做了清楚明白的说明。但人子羔羊<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>永活能力的展现<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,当然不只是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>已经成就的<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,而也包括了那<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>尚未完全成就<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的部分,因此在启示录的结尾之处,约翰也就借着<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>骑白马者的异象<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,清楚的让我们看见,在世界的的末了,人子还要以得胜将军之姿,骑着白马而来,好完成祂在第一次降世之时,所开始的工作<span lang="EN-US"> (19:11-21)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">此乃圣子在超越时间方面的神性,和这个属性在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>末日<span lang="EN-US">” </span>一事上的意义。但圣灵呢?就<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的角度来看,约翰,或者更准确的说,在灵里的约翰,并没有以此方式来介绍祂。而此现象,正如前述,很可能是圣灵在三一神中,一贯扮演的角色所致,即,彰显和荣耀基督。但在约翰以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>七灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>为圣灵之名的手法中,圣灵在启示录中,也具有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>末世性<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的意义;因为站在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>七灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>后面的,是撒迦利亚书<span lang="EN-US">4:1-10</span>;而在那里,先知所见异象,乃是关乎圣殿要如何重建起来的问题。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">换句话说,当约翰让圣灵以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>七灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之姿出现,并说祂的角色,乃是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>奉差遣往天下去<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的时候<span lang="EN-US"> (5:6)</span>,他乃是将先知撒迦利亚所见之异象,应用在教会身上。也就是说,对约翰而言,先知所看见的末日的异象,在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>圣灵于五旬节降临,并随后催促祂所建立的教会,向外传福音,好扩展神国<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的事上,就已经开始应验了。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">因此和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊之死,复活,升天<span lang="EN-US">” </span>一样,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>七灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>在启示录中,也标志着末日的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>已临<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但羔羊所开展的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>末日<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,还有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>尚未完全成就<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的部分,因此在末日来到之时,圣灵也还有其工作要做。而此工作,在两个见证人的异象里面,则是以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>从神而来的生气<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>灵<span lang="EN-US"> []</span>;<span lang="EN-US">11:11)</span>,叫他们复活<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的方式来呈现的<span lang="EN-US"> (11:11)</span>。因此单就<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>末世<span lang="EN-US">” </span>而论,圣灵的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>过去,现在和将来<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,乃是祂<span lang="EN-US"> (1) </span>在五旬节的降临;<span lang="EN-US">(2) </span>现今与教会的同在,并催促她向世界传福音;以及<span lang="EN-US"> (3) </span>在将来叫为主殉道的她<span lang="EN-US">(</span>以两个见证人为象征<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,从死里复活。约翰以如是方式来呈现圣灵的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>过去,现在和将来<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,其实并不令人意外,因为在旧约中,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>末日<span lang="EN-US">”</span>不单是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>圣灵浇灌的日子<span lang="EN-US">” (</span>参,珥<span lang="EN-US">2:28-32)</span>,也是圣灵权能彰显的日子<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>属神圣殿之建立;亚<span lang="EN-US">4:1-10)</span>;而从耶稣基督之死和复活的历史中,约翰也因此就知道,圣灵的日子,也将会是一个<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>神叫为道而死之教会,从死里复活的日子<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; line-height: 20px; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">邪恶的三一集团<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在前面我们已经指出,在约翰所见的异象中,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>红龙,海兽和陆兽<span lang="EN-US">” </span>乃是相对于<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>圣父圣子和圣灵<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的邪恶三一。因此我们在此的问题是,就时间的角度来说,牠们和神圣的三一之间,究竟有什幺差异呢?而此差异的意义又是什幺?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">为方便说明起见,我们在下面就要以关乎父神的时间三重语法,做为三一神时间属性的代表,并将约翰在启示录<span lang="EN-US">17</span>章中,对海兽关乎时间面向的论述,与之并列,好让我们对此议题,能有一个比较明确的概念。以父神的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US">” </span>为代表,应没有太大的问题,但为何我们要以那关乎海兽的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间论述<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,来与父神对比呢?原因无它,乃因约翰对海兽这个面向的描述,在邪恶三一中,最为清晰。不单如此,若从<span lang="EN-US">12-13</span>章来看,由于约翰让海兽不单有着与红龙相同的形像<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>七头十角;<span lang="EN-US">12:3; 13:1)</span>,也叫海兽从红龙那里,得着权柄<span lang="EN-US"> (13:2)</span>。而在<span lang="EN-US">13</span>章中约翰也清楚显示,陆兽也<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>说话像龙<span lang="EN-US">” (13:11)</span>,并且也以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>叫人拜海兽之雕像<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,为其主要任务<span lang="EN-US"> (13:12-18)</span>;因此下列两节关乎海兽的时间论述,其实也一样适用于红龙和陆兽。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><table class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; "><tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid; "><td width="50" valign="top" style="width: 37.4pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: windowtext; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">经文<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="470" colspan="3" valign="top" style="width: 352.65pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: windowtext; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; background-position: initial initial; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="50" valign="top" style="width: 37.4pt; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">4:8<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="157" valign="top" style="width: 117.55pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">昔在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="157" valign="top" style="width: 117.55pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">今在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="157" valign="top" style="width: 117.55pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">将要再临<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="50" style="width: 37.4pt; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">17:8<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="157" style="width: 117.55pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">先前有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="157" style="width: 117.55pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">如今没有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="157" style="width: 117.55pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">将要从无底坑上来<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">又要走向灭亡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="50" style="width: 37.4pt; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">17:11<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="157" style="width: 117.55pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">那先前有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="157" style="width: 117.55pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">如今没有的兽<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">就是第八位<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="157" style="width: 117.55pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 1.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 1.4pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">牠也要和那七位同列<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; line-height: 19px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">并要走向灭亡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上表清楚显示,约翰两次对<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>海兽<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之描述<span lang="EN-US"> (17:8, 11)</span>,也是以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US">” </span>之形式出现,因此他的目的,显然是要让<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>海兽<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>父神<span lang="EN-US">” </span>做对比。但从此对比中,约翰要我们看见什幺呢?就<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>过去<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的部分而言,海兽的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>先前有<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,和父神之<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>昔在<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,彼此平行。因此在这个部分,约翰所要显示的是,海兽在过去,曾经掌权做王。若参照海兽从红龙撒旦得着权柄的描述,此事应该和红龙古蛇在伊甸园中,引诱人类始祖亚当和夏娃犯罪,并借着他们的堕落,而成为这个世界之主的历史有关。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但与父神之<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>今在<span lang="EN-US">” </span>相较,海兽的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>如今没有<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,就显得相当突出了。神的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>今在<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,若参照我们前面对<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>圣子<span lang="EN-US">” </span>时间面向的分析,其含义乃是神已经借着圣子的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>死,复活和升天<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,胜过了撒旦,并让祂得胜的国度<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>教会<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,在人类的历史中出现。但与此相较,海兽之国<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>罗马<span lang="EN-US">) </span>虽然看来十分兴盛,也能对教会带来逼迫和苦难,但在神的眼中,海兽却是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>如今没有<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的;因为撒旦对此世界的掌握,因着人子所成就的,即,藉其宝血将人从各族各方各民各国中买赎回来<span lang="EN-US"> (5:9-10)</span>,而日渐失控。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">至于那<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>将要再临<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的部分,约翰借着海兽之<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>将要从无底坑上来<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,显示牠想要学效神的企图,但在牠<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>又要走向灭亡<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的画面中,牠<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>扮虎不成反类犬<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的可笑企图和模样,就完全显露了出来。海兽的确要<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>再来<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">但等在牠前面的,却是灭亡和硫磺火湖<span lang="EN-US">(19:20-21)</span>。一言以蔽之,海兽,以及牠的主子红龙和牠的随从陆兽,虽然看来十分强大,也能横行于世,但约翰借着牠们的<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>先前有,如今没有,将要再来,但却要灭亡<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的语法,显示出<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>邪恶三一集团<span lang="EN-US">” </span>在时间面向上的限制和不足。牠们想要抬高自己,立自己为世界之主和神的企图,在约翰以<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US">” </span>来描述海兽的手法中,有了最好的说明;但此邪恶三一集团的有限性,却在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>如今没有<span lang="EN-US">” </span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>将要灭亡<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的部分,完全呈现了出来。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; line-height: 20px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; line-height: 20px; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">世人和教会<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在前面我们已经指出,约翰使用<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>时间三重语法<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的主要目的,在显示神超越时间的神性,或在显示邪恶三一集团企图自立为神,但却又力有不逮的窘境,因此对那些在时间限制之内的人,不论是世人或是圣徒,约翰也就没有将此语法,应用在他们的身上了。但这并不表示他们就没有 <span lang="EN-US">“</span>过去,现在和将来<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">就圣徒而言,他们的过去,因着他们属于羔羊的缘故,就已经是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>名字被记载在羔羊生命册上<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的了<span lang="EN-US"> (3:5)</span>;而此名字被记载在生命册上的事,乃发生于世界被创造之前,因此在圣徒被造之前,其名字就已存在。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">至于现在,圣徒的确是在地上属羔羊的军队<span lang="EN-US"> (7:3-8)</span>,而他们也要在他们与海陆二兽的争战中受苦,但在约翰的异象中,圣徒却也同时是那在天上,与基督一同庆祝胜利的群体<span lang="EN-US"> (7:9-17; 14:1-5; 20:4-6)</span>。不单如此,此一现在<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>属羔羊<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的身分,也要在基督再来之时,让这一群名字记载在羔羊生命册上的人,得以有分于永恒中的新耶路撒冷<span lang="EN-US"> (21:27)</span>。换句话说,因着他们与<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>羔羊<span lang="EN-US">” </span>的连结,圣徒虽然只是有限的被造,但其名已<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>先存<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,而其人也要在现今具有属天的身分,并在将来,成为神和羔羊所居住的圣城。生命之荣耀,尊贵和盼望,恐怕没有比这个更高的了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20px; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">反观世人,乃是<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>名字没有记载在羔羊生命册上的人<span lang="EN-US">” (13:8; 17:8)</span>,因此他们之名,并无<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>先存<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。他们之人,如今乃是属龙拜兽的,因此他们看似得道,也可以与大淫妇巴比伦,同享欢乐;但他们现今与兽的联合,却要让他们在将来付上极为惨重的代价,因为在白色大宝座的审判中,名字<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>没有被记在生命册上的,就要被扔进火湖里<span lang="EN-US">” (21:15)</span>。和圣徒相较,他们没有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>过去<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,没有<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>将来<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>永恒<span lang="EN-US">)”</span>;他们所有的,只是现在而已。生命之可悲,也莫此为甚。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 135.75pt; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">主题发言之三<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 78.3pt; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">章雪富:</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">记忆乃是一种救赎的降临</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; text-indent: 120.45pt; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">----</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">论奥古斯丁《忏悔录》第十卷的圣父位格和救赎论</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">奥古斯丁的三一论很令人着迷。然而,我们往往在两个方面陷入误区,一是以《论三位一体》为中心讨论奥古斯丁的上帝观,二是对三一论作过分的哲学思辨。这样的探讨方式的主要方面没有错,然而导致的问题也有两个方面:一是没有充分重视《忏悔录》的后四卷(第十卷到第十三卷),或者没有意识到《忏悔录》的后四卷其实给出了三位一体神学这个主题很精彩的呈现。而以上的探讨方式,容易导致一个问题,让《忏悔录》对于三一论的探讨附录于《论三位一体》。我认为是不恰当的,甚至可以说是错误的。《论三位一体》对三一论的呈现是本体论式的,类似于希腊哲学的本体论究问方式。奥古斯丁从圣经文本出发,以卓越的智力,对圣经的核心观念即圣经用是圣父、圣子和圣灵关系的自我启示,以及这种自我永示或者说上帝把自我启示出来涵盖的要点例如差遣和中保问题,例如位格和本体的关系问题,例如形像问题,一一作了透彻细致的论证,并且对于圣经的各节经文经常有出人意表的精彩解释。就这个角度来说,《论三位一体》神学更象是奥古斯丁从神学本体论的框架对于基督教神学的系统神学式的描述。奥古斯丁的这种努力使得基督教对于信仰的辩护达到一个智力的高峰,其辩护深度的绝对不逊色于亚里士多德的《形而上学》。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">然而,《忏悔录》对于三一论的表述有不同的经验,也有不同的层面。《忏悔录》是要从经验中显示出救赎的上帝,就是“为我(们)的上帝”,在这里,智性不是载体,而只是显示和呈现的中介,那种经验性的东西反而显示出一种“行动”,它侧重的是“行动的上帝”,这与《论三位一体》表述“在自身之中的上帝”有着很大的区别。《忏悔录》从经验展示上帝在我们智性中的介入之深以及他始终的同在方式,他侧重论述的是上帝的临在属性,显示的是上帝的时间特性。这里非常重要,《忏悔录》没有把有关上帝讨论的重点放在“本体”这个概念上,而是放在“位格”这个概念上,而讨论“位格”这个概念时,他的侧重点又不是放在“位格”的定义上,而是放在“位格”的临在性,指出一个临在于我们的位格的位格的显示形式。《忏悔录》的第十卷就是从记忆的角度来阐释这种临在性的,从而使得三一上帝的呈现显示出精彩的存在力量。《忏悔录》第十卷的三一论还只是一个开端,第十三卷则会达到呼求的高峰。这篇短文只是作一些探索性的探讨。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 30pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在写完第九卷即自己受洗和母亲去世的事情后,“忏悔”并没有结束。奥古斯丁继续“忏悔”,写下了第十至第十三卷。对此,许多人大惑不解。有些中译本(港台译本)甚至不译这后四卷,这里的意思很清楚,即《忏悔录》到第九卷已经结束。这个判断基于两个原因:一是通常而言,“忏悔”是记录一个非信徒的奥古斯丁向着作为信徒的奥古斯丁的转变,第九卷已经详细地记载了奥古斯丁的皈信历程,这样“忏悔”也就结束了。第二,这些译者(我相信也是大多数读者也会)认为后四卷讨论的《创世记》的解释,与“忏悔”无关,而且过于抽象,属于神学讨论,不再属于忏悔的范围。然而这样一种或显明或者潜在的理解实在是很大的误解。在第十卷中,奥古斯丁自己作了清楚的表达,指出前九卷忏悔“过去”,后四卷忏悔“现在”。我的天主,我的良心每天向你忏悔经,我更相信你的慈爱,过于依靠我的纯洁,但现在我在你面前,用这些文字向你忏悔现在的我,而不是忏悔过去的我。(第十卷第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)这会使读者惊诧莫名,奥古斯丁不是已经受洗归主了,怎么还把忏悔摆上?如果仔细阅读,我们还可以注意后四卷的忏悔甚至更痛入骨髓,质问意愿的秘密。若从深入的程度来讲,前九卷只是《忏悔录》的预备,而后四卷才是《忏悔录》真正所指向的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">对于《忏悔录》的前九卷,还存在着一个误解,就是把它主要看成是奥古斯丁生存经验的记录。许多人阅读《忏悔录》的前九卷,都会认为是奥古斯丁记录了在不同年岁离开上帝以及思想历程的记录。从《忏悔录》的编年史叙事的表面方式来讲,这当然是合理的。然而如果把这个看成是《忏悔录》表现的主题,则是有问题的。《忏悔录》的本意当不在于对生存经验的原始记录,即是说不应当把《忏悔录》的前九卷看成是奥古斯丁的自传体或者见证经验,《忏悔录》更应该被看成是一部神学著作,或者它本来就是一部神学著作。这部神学著作以忏悔文学这样一种体裁记载奥古斯丁在皈依之后对于上帝的呼求,而且这种皈依之后的呼求又承载于他以往的生活经验的反思。在这个角度来说,《忏悔录》的前九卷所忏悔的不是基于“过去”的生活经验,而是基于他“现在”对于上帝的呼求所展示的过往生活经验中他与上帝关系的展示,以及他如何在向恶生活中步步被引导向主的历程,显明在他对于上帝的遗忘过程中天父如何彰显他始终的同行,即在他对天父的的遗忘中却显出天父要在他的记忆中显出天父与他的同行。第八卷无花果下的“皈依”使得这种特殊的救赎降临过程到达一个高峰,即藉着记忆和遗忘之间的冲突最终达到对于天父记忆的唤醒。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">到第九卷为止,《忏悔录》只写了半部:由奥古斯丁的遗忘,到遗忘中所内蕴的深刻痛苦(例如西塞罗的《荷滕西乌》激起的对于哲学的向往,摩尼教的不能够满足,等等),到最后对天父记忆的恢复。上帝是如何让遗忘上帝的奥古斯丁向着上帝重新记忆。在记忆中上帝重新降临。然而前九卷并没有去阐释对于上帝的记忆本身,并且这种记忆的唤醒与救赎论的关联。而后四卷则正是要从不同的位格特性去显示三位格与救赎的关系。在我看来,非常有意思的正在于,奥古斯丁的后四章分别从圣父论、圣子论和圣灵论并最终在第十三卷以三一论结束这种救赎论的关联。如果说一般情况下,我们所理解的奥古斯丁的神学体系是基督中心论的,那么我认为忏悔录这书的上帝论是真正的三一论的。不过,本篇文章鉴于篇幅,只能从圣父论与记忆的关系对奥古斯丁忏悔录的三一论略作阐释。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第十卷在阐释圣父的位格时,奥古斯丁是从记忆的角度来分析的,而记忆又是与遗忘关联在一起的。《忏悔录》全书的内在脉络即在于此,前九卷是有关对圣父的记忆和遗忘的叙事。我们不能把《忏悔录》的前九卷看作是奥古斯丁关于生活经验的写作。的是反思性的生存中的一些事件进行了忏悔,然而我们不能够把奥古斯丁的这种反思性的东西看作是生存经验,而只能够说那是他的忏悔意识,因为生存经验一般而言是当时的经验者所觉悟到的每个处境对于他的意义,而不是后来对于前面的处境的重审。那么这就有了非常有意思的一个看法,即奥古斯丁在前九卷他要说明的内容与记忆之间的特殊关系。这种关系就是在当时的状态下,例如在偷梨这个事件上,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">14</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">岁的奥古斯丁并不是如忏悔录的奥古斯丁这样去感知的,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">14</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">岁的奥古斯丁只感觉到与伙伴们共同作恶的乐趣,这是一种对于事情的记忆方式,即从快乐来记忆事情的方式,快乐被内置于这样的记忆之中,成为罪的来源。这是罪所深刻隐藏的地方。奥古斯丁第十卷反思了这种快乐、记忆与罪之间的深刻关系,他说自己现在还被这样一种快乐感深深的支配着,这正是他要忏悔的。奥古斯丁在第十卷分别分析了目欲、淫欲、声音之欲、口食之欲和嗅觉之欲,指出这些欲望里面蕴含着的都是对于自我的记忆,追求的都是对于自己记忆的记忆,而一旦这些欲望成为显示性的东西,那么这些欲望就成为他离开上帝(圣父)的诱惑。兹举一例:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">每天还有许多微不足道的琐事来考验我们的好奇心。谁能计算我们失足的次数!多少次我们是碍于情面不要使人难堪,勉强听着无聊的闲谈,逐渐却听得津津有味了。我不再去竞技场看狗逐兔子,但偶然经过田野,发现走狗猎兔,可能会打断我的沉思,虽走不至于使我的走骑改换方向,但心情已追随不舍。如果不是立即发觉我的弱点,重新收敛思想,上升到你左右,不再妄行盼视,或是想到这事的无谓,不再停留,那么我会出神地呆在那里。(十卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">35</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这里并不是奥古斯丁在装腔作势,他从日常性中分析罪的力量以及罪的道路,这令我们惊心动魄。我们只有深刻理解了这种追求快乐的意识,我们才能够明白奥古斯丁的深刻,即对于罪的记忆对于人的外在性的支配。由此记忆和遗忘就被奥古斯丁反讽的或者说颠覆性的使用,我们是如何在记忆中成为罪人,我们又是如何在遗忘中背叛上帝。而这带来一个最大的问题,这就是记忆和遗忘如何重新成为上帝向我们显示的道路,这反过来就是说要我们去追问上帝(圣父)是如何透过记忆和遗忘向我们显示我们自己的,而不总是如我们所记忆和遗忘他的方式来显示自己的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">救赎就是要转回到对于圣父的记忆,如果说前九卷奥古斯丁表述的是圣父如何引导他使他回到圣父的身边,即恢复对于圣父的记忆,那么第十卷则在于说明这种同在是怎样的,这就是说要透过什么样的记忆如何透过记忆去始终与圣父同在。在这里面,奥古斯丁阐释了圣父位格的非常重要的属性,即唯有出于对圣父的记忆才能够在记忆中终止罪性,因为在对于圣父的记忆里面,目欲、色欲、听觉之欲等等就会被置于敞开的状态,人因着注意圣父或者说处在默观状态,人不可能再去把那些欲望视为正确记忆的一部分。在这里圣父位格表现出一种严格的内在性,或者说他是一种内在性的根源,是内在性的发端,是内在性的启动者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">奥古斯丁的很重要的看法正在于此。我们也会说圣灵是一种内在性的力量,然而奥古斯丁从记忆的角度会仍然表述圣父和圣灵位格在内在性层面上的不同,他把一种内在性的根源性以及根源性的真正显示看作是圣父位格的属性,而圣灵更在于显明圣父这种内在性的圣洁,透过显示明内在性的圣洁来显示圣父。这就是说,圣灵的位格属性在于使人对于圣父形成记忆,即对于内在性形成记忆,使内在性真正地成为出发点,而圣灵则由此显出他自身的位格属性,即圣洁的内在性。这样我们可以理解奥古斯丁对于圣父的位格属性的体认,即第十卷比较强调圣父的记忆主要在圣父和上帝的关系以及这种关系如何被中断上,圣父的位格正是在这样一种关系的中断上显示出来的,并且他命令这种关系被中断。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">主啊!我走遍了记忆的天涯地角找寻你,在记忆之外没有找到你。从我知道要认识你时开始,凡我找到有关你的东西,都不出乎我的记忆的范围,因为从那时起,我从未忘掉你。哪里我找到了真理,便找到真理之源、我的天主;哪一天我认识了真理,便没有忘掉真理。从你认识我时,你就常驻在我的记忆之中,我在记忆中想起你,在你怀中欢欣鼓舞,找到了你。(十卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">24</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在这一节之前,奥古斯丁用非常诗意的语言称,他向大地、向海洋大壑以及波臣鳞介、向飘忽的天空、向苍天日月星辰寻找天主。(十卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">7</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节),然而它们都宣称自己不是天主,在它们那里也不能够找到天主。这里要注意的是奥古斯丁的这些话语不是单纯地要去反对偶像崇拜,应该说他要反对的是人对于透过记忆某种外部事物并透过把这种外部事物内在化从而把内部事物作为支配事物的形式,这就是把外部事物在记忆中内在化和圣化的记忆方式。奥古斯丁在这里反对的是一种对于上帝的记忆方式,他想指出的是这种记忆方式虽然也是为了指向上帝,然而圣父却在记忆中退隐,他也不拥有对圣父的记忆。然而正如以上引文所说的,对于圣父的救赎永远都是记忆的救赎,因为救赎只是透过对于圣父的记忆开始的,人不可能在记忆之外去寻找天父,人一旦认识天父,必然总是透过搜索自己的记忆来寻求天父,必须向内在的回报,听他定夺。(十卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)问题就在于我们在回归自我的时候,通常回归的是那个欲望的自我,欲望的自我也是一种记忆的方式,他就是把欲望所要抓住的外在的东西记忆为自我,从而使得自我成为外在事物的奴隶。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这样一种欲望的记忆具有一种隐藏的本质。在这一点上,奥古斯丁非常清醒。在这一点上单纯地透过知性是不可能的,知性不可能完成这样一种救赎的实现,相反欲望的记忆即堕落通常到是透过知性来实现他自己的本质的。在这一点上,奥古斯丁是反希腊之道而用之的,具有非常强的保罗色彩,其实愈到忏悔录的后四卷那种保罗的色彩愈显突出,这当然是一种奥古斯丁式的保罗神学,然而运用得非常深刻。奥古斯丁这一点非常深刻,他说我们的记忆中最突出的也是以希腊知识论方式表现最突出的,其实是欲望的知识化。我们以往经验中有关经验的记忆,都成为我们知识的要素,从而使知识成为一种对于“过去的现在”这个印象的时间性记忆,因此忏悔录第十一卷讨论时间问题,其实仍然是在讨论记忆问题,不过他是从讨论时间延伸印象的角度来讨论这种旧的有关知识的记忆的顽固性。与第十卷不同,奥古斯丁第十一卷透过讨论时间来讨论历史中的上帝即耶稣基督的记忆即有关圣子的记忆,然而第十卷的重心仍然在于圣父的记忆上,即如何透过对于记忆的重新发现,去摆脱我们对于圣父记忆中的那种经验内容,即摆脱对于圣父记忆中的欲望的形式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在对圣父的关系中,遗忘和记忆扮演起了非常具有反讽性的作用。奥古斯丁认为人们总是在记忆圣父,然而实际上人们却总是在记忆对于圣父的欲望,并把这样一种欲望内在化为有关上帝形像的一部分,使得记忆成为一种遗忘天父上帝的记忆。这样遗忘的发生与记忆的欲望就发生了深刻的替换关系,而这种替换关系却不被人发现,这就是最隐秘的罪性,从而对上帝的遗忘也就成为记忆的一部分。这种记忆和遗忘的关系甚至来打扰祈祷,甚至祈祷中欲望都会成为一种潜在的支配者,我的心收藏了如是一大堆的虚幻,因此我们的祈祷也往往受骚扰而中断;在你鉴临之下,我们的心向你呼号时,不知从哪里来的空洞凌乱的思潮汹涌而至,打断了这一项重要功夫。(十卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">35</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)因为在这样的祈祷中,对上帝的遗忘和记忆发生了混淆,以对于自己的记忆成为对于上帝的遗忘,祈祷有时候以这样的方式让人意识到人的深刻的罪性,祈祷过程中这样一种罪性向人扑面而来,这就是祈祷中的反思性意识,奥古斯丁分析这种祈祷经验中的空洞的直观,看到的是圣父临在的特殊样式,他显出祈祷里面记忆与遗忘的罪的形状。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">由此忏悔是祈祷的最好方式,忏悔也是祈祷的最准确的方式,因为忏悔将心收集到自己对于上帝的记忆,即透过在祈祷中让上帝来注意自己对他的记忆,让自己来注意自己对他记忆的这种欲望,从而忏悔作为祈祷的这种最核心的方式是圣父临在于我们生命的真理方式,即奥古斯丁所说的你是生命的生命的方式。上帝不只是生命,如果上帝只是生命,那么我们也是生命,我们与上帝的生命就不是一种被审视的关系。上帝的生命是生命的生命,就显出上帝生命照亮罪性的力量。圣父的位格属性显示为祈祷中的这种特殊临在,即拉丁文忏悔这个词的双重含义:一方面忏悔确实是认罪,另一方面忏悔也是赞颂。这样有关上帝的记忆就成为一种向上帝敞开的记忆,而不是在祈祷中仍然将自己封闭起来,不管如何地以自己以为是敞开的方式封闭起来。这就是记忆作为一种救赎的降临的最内在的方式,记忆乃是内心的聚集。记忆是由分散而合并,因此拉丁文的思考:“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Cogitare</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">”,源于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Cogere</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(集合)一如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">agitare</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的源于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">agere</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,一如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">facitare</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的源于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">facere</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,但</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">cogitare</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">一字为理智所擅有,专指内心的集合工作。(十卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">11</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)这里我们可以看到忏悔这个语词与圣父的临在的非常有意思的关系,这就是专心地用全部心思汇聚在天父的目光之下,接受圣父的治疗。这才是真正地对于圣父的爱,爱也由此必然重新唤起对于圣父的记忆,而不是选择某一种记忆代替全部记忆。进一步还可以这样说,忏悔乃是一种圣经里所说的尽心尽性尽意爱你的主,在这样的一种记忆里的,主对于人的治疗才真正地降临,救赎才成为一种塑造,才成为一种已临的国度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这样我们可以更进一步理解奥古斯丁忏悔录的文体。我们可以看到忏悔录其实是由祈祷性的语言构成的,是一种祈祷性的文体。奥古斯丁全文用充沛的生命来祈祷和寻求上帝,而在这样一种祈求里面他也看见了上帝的临在,祈祷的某一卷也必然以祈祷的方式展开。我的天主,我的慈爱,我向你呼吁;你创造了我,我把你置之脑后,你却并不忘掉我。我向你呼吁,请你降至我心,准备我的心,使我的心用你所启发的愿望来接待你。请你不要抛弃正在向你呼吁的我,你在我发出呼吁之前,先已用各种声音一再督促我,教我遥遥听着,我转向你,教我向正在呼唤我的你发出呼吁。(十三卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)在这种祈祷性的方式里面,我们看见一种记忆的重新展示,看见奥古斯丁与自己在生活中任何一种对于上帝的遗忘展开苦苦的斗争。而在这样的祈求里面,看见天父的已临是不需要回避的实际。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">天父上帝就显示在人的最深的记忆中,显示在那些用经验来限制上帝的形像的记忆,因此救赎之为天父的降临,既是从记忆中进行又在于超越记忆,超越记忆正是遗忘之真正发生的代赎,因为超越记忆把记忆中的限制放在罪的位置去理解,放在一个更需要敞开的界限去理解。因为超越记忆的那个记忆使得人不同于动物,动物也是有记忆的,然而动物的记忆只是限于记忆,它们无法在记忆之上在记忆之中去寻求去叩问,超越记忆正是天父上帝曾经赋予人的那个形像的重新降临。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这就涉及对于记忆的位格属性的理解。对于天父的记忆属性是天父位格的一个体现。这种记忆属性是怎么样的呢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">?</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这个记忆是从上帝的形像发出却由着天父的超越性的引导而造就的新人的形式。奥古斯丁认为,上帝造人的时候把上帝的形像已经安放在人的心中。我们何以知道我们内心有上帝天父的形像呢?奥古斯丁使用类比的方法来论证这一点。这就好像一个妇人要去找回那没枚丢失的钱,如果她找到的不是那枚自己丢失的钱,她不会说这是她自己的。如果她刚好找到了那枚丢失的钱,她会说“啊!正是”。这就是表明,一件物质的可见的东西在我眼前,但并不被我的记忆丢失,记忆抓住了这东西的影像,我们凭此找寻,直到重现在我们眼前为止。东西找到后,根据我们的影像,便能认识。(十卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">18</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)虽然我们在生活中遗忘了上帝天父,然而天父上帝仍然活在我们的记忆之中,他一直在我们的记忆中工作,想要寻回我们,他让我们透过我们重新记忆他来恢复他在记忆中早已经的临在。他在我们的记忆中,却又不被我们的某种记忆固定化、偶像化和界限化,这是上帝天父的记忆的位格特性,他是人记忆的来源,他是我们进行记忆的力量,他自己正是在记忆中超出我们的记忆,一直到我们能够按着记忆的超越性引导去记忆时,我们就可以发现记忆的居所,那就是上帝的所在。奥古斯丁说,主啊!你驻在我记忆之中,究竟驻在哪里?……在我回忆你的时候,我超越了和禽兽相同的部分,因为那里在物质事物的影像中找不到你;我到达了心灵庋藏的部分,但也没有找到你。我进入了记忆为心灵而设的专室</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">----</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">因为心灵也回忆自身</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">----</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">你也不在那里,因为你既不是物质的影像,……又不是心灵:你是我心灵的主宰,以上一切都自你而来,你永不变易地鉴临这一切;自我认识你时起,你便惠然降驻于我记忆之中。(十卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">25</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)正是透过对于主天父的记忆,我们与禽兽区别开来。为什么是这样子呢?因为禽兽总是在感知中寻找对于事物的需求,这也就是说禽兽总是在外部欲求,它们的存在是透过外部的欲求建立起来的。这种外部的欲求并不具有真正的记忆,外部的欲求也不是一种真正的记忆,因为外部的欲求只是生活在一种感知之中,从而因为没有记忆的连续性,并且这种感知总是处在变化之中,那么外部的欲求所左右的禽兽就总是处在匮乏之中。人也是有着这种感知性的欲求的,这也正是人会导致匮乏的地方,是人与禽兽相同的部分。然而人并不因为这样就是人,人最重要的是超越这种共同的部分而是人,正是因为这样,人需要越出这种共同的部分而进入到一种记忆之中。然而这种记忆是很奇怪的东西,它既确实是在人的里面却不在人的任何一个部分。这样一种记忆之所以是一种超越的记忆也正在于此,它看起来象是发生在人心里的记忆,即它看起来是一种心灵的形式然而却又不是心灵,反而是主导着心灵。这样一种记忆:在人之中却又不是人的任何部分,正是人与上帝的超越性关系的所在,这种记忆里面所蕴含的也正是天父上帝的形像,很有意思,奥古斯丁把记忆理解为与天父位格的关系,即它使得人具有一种超越性,而这种所谓的超越性又是所谓的人的源头感的激发,圣父由此正是这种救赎的源头,他在位格上就是救赎的发出者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">由此一定有一种本身的东西存在于源头之中,这是人在被造时就肯定面对的,即有一种本身就是的东西在人的被造的源头里面,而这种本身就是的东西总是在激发着人的探索,总是激发着人的一种追溯即让人超越他目前的所是,从而记忆成为一种返观。这是很特别的地方,记忆的超越性在于记忆本身所有的那个所是激发起他的返观,而这种返观使得他离开现存的上帝的经验,由此记忆试图激发起一种遗忘,这也正是面向圣父的记忆何以必然是离开对于世界的关系,反过来也是如此的。不可能这两种记忆可以同为一体。这也是奥古斯丁在第十卷开始,他的忏悔更显苛刻更显意向性的分析,因为这种苛刻表现在对于记忆的意向性分析之上,奥古斯丁体会到圣父的位格之内在于人的记忆,他与耶稣基督之内在于人的记忆是不同的。圣子内在于人的记忆看起来象是作为一种自然理性的记忆,是一种道路的记忆,还可以说是一种尺度的记忆,对于圣子的记忆或者说圣子所引发的记忆的性质在于让我们回到那种有序的状态之中,是让我们重新发现被罪颠覆了的秩序,所以圣子是除去罪的,是代赎者,在记忆上来讲也是深刻的。他的所以“元始”,因为他若非常在,则我们将</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">徬徨而无所归。我们的所以放弃错误,当然是认识之后才能迷途知返,而我们的所以能认识,是由于他教导我们,因为他是“元始”,并且向我们说了话。(十一卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">8</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)圣子与我们记忆的关系正是让我们回归秩序,他使我们的话语重新具有秩序,从而使我们能够正的按照好来记忆。然而圣父不是,圣父是这种记忆的构成是这种记忆的源起是支配记忆的形像。这种记忆之于本身的那种所是的形式,正如许多人一听到幸福,无论是说拉丁语、希腊语或者其他语言的人,他们都会说“我愿意”,假如这名词所代表的事物本身不存在他们的之中,便不可能有这种情况。(十卷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">20</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">由此,第十卷有关五欲的分析,即关于五欲在人的意识中所激发起来的意向性分析,其实是奥古斯丁有关人在信仰中如何面对天父上帝的记忆的分析,也可以说他分析了天父降临于人的记忆的那种鉴察意识的分析。在这种鉴察意识的分析中,显示出天父透过忏悔意识显示出人的罪的意识构造的中止,这种构造必须在意向性中得到中断,或者说在人的意愿发动中必须得到中断,而能够中断这个的,即回到记忆本身,回到记忆本身所具有的记忆的形像,并且能够享受这个形像本身。只有这样,记忆才不会是工具性的,即人使用工具来实现自己的欲望。在这里,记忆是目的性的,因为万物被上帝造为向着好的目的,从而每个人世界万物都成为这好得到实现的目的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第七天是没有黄昏,没有夕阳,因为你圣化了这一天,使它永远驻在着。你完成你的“很好”的工程后,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">----</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">虽则你是在安闲之中创造一切</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">----</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第七天上你休息了,你的圣经借此预先告知我们,本着你的恩赐,完成了我们“很好”的工作后,在永生的第七天上,我们将安息在你的怀中。(第十三卷第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">36</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">节)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">主题发言之四<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">李锦纶:当代东方教会谈位格之终极性</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">本文以<span lang="EN-US">John D. Zizioulas</span>之近作<i><span lang="EN-US">Communion and Otherness: Further Studies in Personhood and the Church</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> (London/New York: T&T Clark, 2006)</span>,引述并探讨所提出位格的终极性。<span lang="EN-US">Zizioulas</span>被誉为是当代最有贡献的东方教会神学家,他的贡献在于重新提出初代东方教会在三一论的探讨之已有成果,在这里,他不是提出新的东西,假如有新的东西,就是把上述的已有成果用现代语言来表达,但内容却不是新的。这些成果一直被西方教会所忽略,原因是西方教会认为「存有体」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">ουσια</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)为一切──包括三一上帝──的终极实际,这是继承了古希腊哲学从巴门尼德(<span lang="EN-US">;Parmenides</span>)以降,柏拉图及至亚里士多德的本体论述传统。在东方教父们,尤以加帕多家三杰(<span lang="EN-US">Cappadocians</span>)为代表,面对处理三位一体的本体论述时,发现巴门尼德传统的存有观无法合理处理三一上帝在神格内三而一的内在关系,因为巴门尼德提出的是从所有存在物抽象出来的一个存在体的观念 ,而这种没有办法处理位格的关系的问题,进而提出唯一出路是确认位格者(而非存在体)的终极性。这使得我们不但对于三一的实际有崭新的理解,从而也对于位格本体意义的确立,给予基督论、圣灵论、人论、创造论、教会论等有新的视角。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraph" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>一)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; ">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上帝是位格者还是有位格的存在体?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>   </span><span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>       </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">这是两个不同的议题。如果上帝是位格者的话,就是说位格者是终极的;如果上帝只不过是有位格的存在体的话,存在体就是终极的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上帝的存在是怎样方式的存在?是否跟所有「东西」的存在一样,都是先假设存在体(<span lang="EN-US">substance</span>)本身,然后才能够谈位格是这存在体的既有特质?如果是这样,那么将会产生逻辑的困难,就是在本体层次而言这存在体可能比上帝作为上帝更为优先。这就是神格唯一论尤其是形态论的问题所在。如果存在体是最优先的,那么位格者就不是最优先的,那么位格就可以是虚无的。如果我们要突破这样的难题,便得问到底存在体是终极的存在还是上帝作为位格者是终极的实际。如果是后者,则位格又是甚么一回事?位格者又如何实际存在?这就涉及到一个在本体论中的基本问题,即一与多的关联性问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">这里又牵涉<span lang="EN-US">What am I</span>与<span lang="EN-US">Who am I</span>两个议题的差异。前者是关于我的本质是甚么,后者则是我「如何」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">τροπος</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">how</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)成为我(<span lang="EN-US">24-25</span>页)。之前我讲到,我们所有对于人、事、物的回应就是让我们成为不同的人的本质。对于上帝而言,他非被造的本质并未交代他是谁的问题,他是谁在乎他如何与他者(<span lang="EN-US">Other</span>)产生位格者与位格者之间的关系,在这样的关系中其位格之内涵(<span lang="EN-US">hypostasis</span>)得以成立。换言之,在这「如何」中并非自我封闭而孤立的我,而是开放而在关系中互动的我。我之作为我不是静态的,而是在位际关系中动态的。当耶和华上帝宣告「我是那位我是」(<span lang="EN-US">I am Who I AM</span>)的时候,他把其存在的事实结合于他作为位格者之内(<span lang="EN-US">99-100</span>页)。就是说,他的存在是以位格者而存在,在此以外再没有别的存在体的实际。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>二)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; ">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">位格者的独特性如何成为本体内容?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">如果位格有本体的终极性,那么跟着需要面对的是如何将位格的「独特性」(<span lang="EN-US">uniqueness</span>)纳入本体层次。在这里,一般来讲,我们讲到本体的观念时,都是从众多的相同或类似的东西中归纳得出的一个性质,这就是本体论要讨论的内容。而这个归纳本身就有抽象性,就是使得所有的特殊性被切掉。但是在讲到位格者时,特殊性却是非常重要的,甚至是位格者的核心价值。这时,就要考虑位格的独特性。巴门尼德传统在处理本体论的优点是在于其存有体观念的普遍性(<span lang="EN-US">generality</span>)可以在普遍的「一」当中包含了实际的「多」。若要从位格作为终极基础来解决这个「一而多」的问题,就得从「因由」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">αιτια</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">或<span lang="EN-US">causality</span>)来处理(<span lang="EN-US">126-130</span>页),从终极因的「一」包含了这因所引申并关联的「多」,但是做为位格者,这终极因不是必然性的终极因,而应该是「自由意愿性」的终极因,就是说,一个位格者与另一个位格者之间的关系不是一种逻辑的必然性,而是出于自由的关联性。因为只有意愿是从位格者的自由而来,自由是位格者独有的,而自由意愿的落实于与他者的位格关系上是独特的,而非普遍的(<span lang="EN-US">100-103</span>页)。其他的位格者也藉此位格关系为轴心与其产生各自独特的关联,若然把这主轴的位格关系抽离便无从落实这些关联(<span lang="EN-US">107</span>页)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">这样的一而多的位际关系体现在群体的实际中,在此群体中每一位格者都得以保存其各别的独特性,另方面在彼此相交中产生爱的合一。独特性于是在位格者的存有上有着本体建构性(<span lang="EN-US">constitutive of reality</span>)意义,不是可有可无的外加因素。不过并非任何位格者都能成为终极因,在被造界中的位格者受到被造性与死亡的限制当然不可能,那么自存永活的上帝便是唯一的答案,而在三一上帝而言圣父是终极因</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">άρχη</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">104-107</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">页)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>三)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; ">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">圣父如何是三一的终极因?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">从早期的信经的认信宣告中,圣父上帝是「全能的」,跟西方教会采用的拉丁字<span lang="EN-US">omnipotens</span>不同,东方教会的希腊字是</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">παντοκρατωρ</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,所重视的不是在作为上的力量彰显,而是全面的涵盖性,这种涵盖性就是一个本体论议题。换言之是从圣父作为位格主,其建立多方关系的可能(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">116</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">页)。在此我们承认在所有可能的关系中,三一的内在关系最为基本。圣父上帝创造这个宇宙是通过他自由的旨意,那么圣父生出圣子,并呼出圣灵又是否属于其意志的行动?如果是意志行动,又如何跟创造的意志分别?拿先斯的贵格利(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Gregory of Nazianzen</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)提出一个解决的方案,就是把圣父的「意志」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">θελημα</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">或</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">will</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)与圣父作为「愿意的一位」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">ò θελων</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">the </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">willing one</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">),前者在于作为一个意志的落实或使用,后者特别在意于他是位格主体,就是圣父作为位格主体来讲他的自由或他的意愿。这样便将道德层次的选择性意志(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">freedom to choose</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)与本体层次的作为位格者本身原有的自由(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">freedom to be oneself</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)分别开来。圣父要作为位格主,其体现为父的自由中便生出圣子,并呼出圣灵。换句话说,这是在永恒中的自由的实际,而不是他的作为的一部分。这并非圣父被强迫的结果,乃是按照他的「喜悦」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">εύδοκια</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">121-122</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">页)。在这里,生出圣子仍然是由于他的喜悦,而不是逻辑的结果。喜悦本身就体现自由价值。</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">这里并非说圣父把自己本体的一部份分给圣子及圣灵,而是指圣父所传达出去的是圣子的位格,并圣灵的位格,以致在圣子的位格内拥有圣父完全的神性本体,又在圣灵的位格内同样有圣父完全的神性本体(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">129-130</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">页)。所以从圣父所生并所呼出的是完全拥有父之本性的「位格的他者」,换句话说,圣子完全是由父的位格而来的一个位格者,所以他不是与父分离的另一个个体,他完全由父而来,又与父是不同的位格者。在「如何」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">how</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)的议题上有别于父,亦各有自己位格的独特性,圣子与圣父是受生者(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">γεννημα</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)与生出者(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">γεννητωρ</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)的关系,圣灵与圣父则是被呼出者(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">προβλημα</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)与呼出者(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">προβολευς</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)的关系(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">133</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">页)。因此,基于圣父作为独特的位格者,在其神性本体之内,他的独特性也确立了圣子作为位格者,并圣灵作为位格者各自的独特性(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">137</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">页)。比如说,只有子成为人,成为肉身,父没有成为肉身。只有圣灵在五旬节降临,而父没有降临。虽然也可以说通过圣灵的降临父也内住在我们里面,但在五旬节实际降临的是圣灵,而不是父。在三者的关系中有父为首、子次之、圣灵再次之的优先顺序(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">ταξις</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">),但这不是神性的不同等级,而是在三一神格内各自位格的身分定位(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">140</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">页)。等级是纵向关系,而在此讲的是逻辑的先后顺序。</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>四)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; ">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">基督位格内的神性与人性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">作为圣子的基督,在他的非被造的圣子位格内纳入了被造的人性,在这里需要注意,正统信仰讲的是人性被纳入,本来没有的,他成为人时取了人性。这是神人两性在圣子的一位格内合一(<span lang="EN-US">hypostatic union</span>)。按照迦克墩大公会议的结果,基督的神性与人性一方面是「没有分离」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">αδιαιρετος</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> without division</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">),同时又是「没有混乱」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">ασυγχυτος</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> without confusion</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">没有混乱是指非被造的神性与被造的人性各自保存其独特性</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">不是变成混合的第三性</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">没有分离是指在其神人两性各自独特性之间是联合为一位格身份之内</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">不能分割。因为这个缘故,被造性便得以在联合于非被造性中突破了被造(非永恒)的偶存性,换句话说,因为被造性是被纳入其神性的位格主体,而其偶存性就不成为问题了。虽然有开始,但却能够成为永恒,我们信了耶稣以后也继承了这一独特性。基督的复活是战胜了被造性的必然──死亡──的事件,而复活本身没有本体的必然性,乃是出于位格者的自由与爱的结果(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">259-261</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">页)。(按:在此的重点是从「自由」突显位格的终极性,从三一参与复活的事件中,本人作如下解读:基督自愿取了人性,又圣父自主叫他从死里复活,透过圣灵自主地顺从圣父而运行的大能成就。本人认为在圣子取了人性这事情上,充分表现了位格那「如何」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">how</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)的实在性,所改变的不是自己的神性,而是在其位格内涵有所调整,容让(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">accommodate</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)人性的加入并透过其人性在其位格内经历人的经历,以致曾经成为肉身的圣子位格内涵,有了作为人类救赎主的条件,让人透过在位格关系上与他联合,得着更新的位格内涵。所以希伯来书讲到“他虽然为儿子,还是因所受的苦难学了顺从。他既得以完全,就我凡顺从他的人成了永远得救的根源,”这就是他作为救赎主,怎样成为合资格的救赎主的条件,即他经历了人的经历。这并不是说他本来不完全,现在变得完全了,这个完全是指他满足了经历人的经历的过程。)</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上文牵涉救赎的实际,就是被造的人如何通过基督得以存活至永恒?在被造的死亡必然性中,除非人得着「新的位格内涵」(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">new hypostasis</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">),让人能够通过爱的自由相交联于非被造的基督。这样的联合成为可能却是因为基督在他的位格内已经纳入被造的人性,可以成为所有人类所归入的代表(位格认同的载体)。通过洗礼产生位格认同与圣餐礼对未来的落实(东方教会看圣餐为进入来世的窗口),各人在基督里面得以联合,这是爱与自由相交的联合(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">263</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">页)(进一步讨论见下文)。</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>五)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; ">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">圣灵是神性位格者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">关于圣灵方面,康士坦丁堡的大公会议一方面确立了圣灵的神性并位格。圣灵从圣父所呼出,「呼出」有别于「流出」(新柏拉图主义),重点是「呼出」为圣父的自主的爱中的作为,不是基于本体的必然性。如果是逻辑必然性的话,就是新柏拉图主义的观点。而这里,圣父呼出圣灵是圣父作为位格主体的自由的呈现。从位格者圣父自主所呼出的是位格者圣灵,圣父不但是圣灵的源头,更是「因由」(<span lang="EN-US">cause</span>)(<span lang="EN-US">187</span>、<span lang="EN-US">192</span>页)。如果从「和子论」(<span lang="EN-US">filioque</span>)的角度看,到底圣子在圣灵被呼出中扮演了甚么的角色?如果圣子是从圣父所生的,圣父便是圣子的因由,也同样是圣灵的因由,只不过圣子与圣灵两者的位格各有独特而已,因此大巴西流(<span lang="EN-US">Basil the Great</span>)提出「愿荣耀归于圣父与(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">μετα</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)圣子,并(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">συν</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">)圣灵」。换言之,这里说明三一在圣父为终极因的前提下,三位同临在与同存在的实际(<span lang="EN-US">188-189</span>页)。不过这并不排除圣子在圣灵被圣父作为唯一的终极因呼出中有其「中保」的角色,这中保的位分跟他是圣父的独生子有关,圣灵与圣父的「本体性关联」(<span lang="EN-US">ousianic relation</span>)则是通过圣子成立的(<span lang="EN-US">192-195</span>页)。圣灵作为非被造的位格者是把永恒的生命传递的,以救赎而言,便是透过圣子基督已经建立的管道把永生给人。(按:圣子的中保位分给予圣灵运行的界定范围,圣灵也从圣子继承了其位格内涵的特质,在救赎的落实上,便是按照圣子与人已经建立的位格关系管道活化其生命内容。)圣灵的运行是通过圣子已经达成的管道,但这个管道不是空的,这个管道有它的独特性,就是圣子的独特性。圣灵通过这个特别的管道,也有了圣子的独特性。所以,圣灵通过圣子的管道出来的特性,就是圣子位格特质的特性,因此使徒行传里称圣灵为“耶稣的灵”。还有,在东西方教会的对决中,出现了这样的问题。圣灵是从父出来,还是从父和子而出?其实两种观点都有其理由,只是看如何解读。在西方教会的传统解读中,“和子”的原因是,既然父与子是同一个存在体的话,那么从父而出就一定是从子而出的。但是,其实还有一个更好的解释,就是说“和子”是从其构建角度来看,是从父、通过子而出。因此,“和”的更好的解释是“藉着子而出”。这种说法东方教会是可以接受的,西方教会有些人也愿意接受。这是最早由特土良提出来的,只不过现在讲到东西方教会合一的议题时又重新被提出来。这也是圣经中讲到“从父而出”的一个隐含的意思,是“通过管道出来”的意思,而这个管道就是圣子,因为他是中保,本身就是管道的意思。所以,“和子”或“藉着子”是隐含在约翰福音里面的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>六)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; ">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">人作为被造的位格者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">虽然人也是位格者,但是其被造性使人与三一上帝有所区别,女撒的贵格利(<span lang="EN-US">Gregory of Nyssa</span>)提出四方面的分别,包括(<span lang="EN-US">172</span>页):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">1)人的死亡涉及与其他的人分离(当一个人死去,别人将取代其位置),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">2)人可以个体的数量方式加、减(个体性是人被生育所产生的自然状况),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">3)人作为位格者是短暂及易变的(被造界本质性的限制),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">4)各人可以源自不同的「因由」(各人有自己的父母,构成不同的因由)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">那么到底从对于东方教父的三一论所提出的位格观念如何应用在人身上?人作为人不但是因为有人性,而是在其人的被造性中(<span lang="EN-US">what</span>)活出位格的丰满内容(<span lang="EN-US">how</span>),透过位格延展(<i><span lang="EN-US">ekstasis</span></i>),人作为位格者可以与他者建立位格关系,其位格内涵(<i><span lang="EN-US">hypostasis</span></i>)从这些关系的互动中得以建立,使其成为独特的位格者。不过要真正落实其理想位格内容,必须联于位格主圣父上帝,因为他既是圣子与圣灵的因由,也是一切被造位格者的终极因由,这是落实「上帝的形象」(<i><span lang="EN-US">imago Dei</span></i>)的意义。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">人作为位格者,其实在性不是在于他是物质个体的一种存在型态,而是他那不能被他者所取代的「临在」(<span lang="EN-US">presence</span>)!让所有与他有关的事物都因着他而产生意义。作者提出一个值得关注的观察,认为人作为被造的位格者受着时间与空间的限制显明于「不在场的临在」(<span lang="EN-US">presence in absence</span>)的问题上。在艺术创作中,艺术家将自己的位格特质灌注于艺术作品之中,例如在肖像画观画者可以感受画家位格的临在,但是却因为时空的阻隔画家本身并没有在现场(即便在现场也不会改变此临在感),如果上帝则不受如此的限制而能够落实真正的临在。这「不在场的临在」说明了位格有超越个体范围的特性,或称为位格延展(<span lang="EN-US">ekstasis</span>)。同样,人的位格延展在历史向度也呈现类似不在场的临在的状况,人在自由中参与了历史,但却对于未来的盼望(<span lang="EN-US">presence</span>)不是确实的(<span lang="EN-US">absence</span>),除非有基督再来(<span lang="EN-US">;Parousia</span>)保证其确实性。这些都是指向人作为被造的位格者有以其位格延展朝向非被造的位格上帝的本体论述(<span lang="EN-US">215-226</span>页)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">人不能完全抹除其位格,但是可以将其扭曲,罪就是从拜偶像开始,由非被造的上帝转移至被造界为位格延展的唯一相交对象(<span lang="EN-US">228</span>页)。原本在上帝的创造中,整个被造界是透过人作为位格者来完成其各自被造的特质,是在合一中达成荣美,以此归荣耀给创造主。但是人的堕落所带来的,是破坏了合一而把万物割裂(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 宋体; ">αποστασις</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">或<span lang="EN-US">distance</span>)为彼此对立的个体(<span lang="EN-US">individuation</span>);就是在知识中也反映了这割裂状态,把对象置于观察、评估之下而产生距离,又知识的理性与感性分割而造成虚伪(<span lang="EN-US">229-231</span>页)。另方面,人虽然在堕落中仍然保存其位格特质对「自由」的根本性要求,在拒绝所处世界存在的必然,为要坚持类似创造主「使无变有」的终极自由,甚至做反向选择以自我毁灭方式实现「以有变无」。不过自我毁灭不是人类唯一的出路,他也可以选择在自由中顺服并认同上帝的旨意(<span lang="EN-US">232-237</span>页)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>七)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; ">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">教会的灵里合一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">人与上帝既然有所不同,但是仍然因为可以建立位格者与位格者之间的关系,让人可以通过基督与父上帝合而为一,这「多」与「一」的实际关联是在圣灵里达成的,而这群体就是教会。圣灵所促成的合一是「相交」与「自由」的合一。「相交」所重视的是既保存各参与相交者的位格独特性(<span lang="EN-US">without confusion</span>),但是又没有彼此的分割(<span lang="EN-US">without division</span>)。「自由」是指这相交不是出于既定规律,乃是不断的「新事的发生」(<span lang="EN-US">new event in the happening</span>)而产生的「汇合」(<span lang="EN-US">convergence</span>)(按:这应该是任何生命的基本特质);因此,这相交不是过去的历史重演,而是面向未来的新生。这也许可以说是「爱的本体意义」(<span lang="EN-US">ontology of love</span>)(<span lang="EN-US">294-296</span>页)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">从东方教会传统的角度,作者分解了教会相交生活中四种的「灵里契合」(<span lang="EN-US">mysticism</span>):圣餐的灵契、先知的灵契、制度的灵契、修道的灵契。圣餐的灵契是指通过教会的圣餐礼,教会不但是纪念基督的死,更重要是于现在得以进入未来的上帝属灵国度的实际,是在圣灵里达成的。先知的灵契所指的是主的话不是抽象的知识,乃是活泼的、内在于教会、可以激发生命的话。制度的灵契是在教会的制度中,属灵的灵袖不是成为压迫别人的人,乃是作为指向未来属灵生命实际的「图像」(<span lang="EN-US">icon</span>),教会因此被引导落实其相交的合一。修道的灵契则是每位信徒都需要像修道士一样「倒空自我」(<span lang="EN-US">kenosis</span>),才能真正爱他人(<span lang="EN-US">296-306</span>页)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">虽然这些名词不一定是大家所熟识,但是背后所代表的无疑是教会生活的实际,用一般惯用的言语说,就是透过基督的救恩,在圣灵里彼此相交中,信徒们共同活出属灵生命的实际,有圣灵借着主的话常常提醒,教会的牧者按真理服事,做众人的榜样,又信徒间不要单顾自己的事,也要关心别人的需要。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">我们看见位格的终极性牵涉的范围,基本上是整个存在的实际,跟巴门尼德传统的分别,在于设定了自然宇宙的非永恒性,假如我们都同意宇宙是从无变有的话,那么便必须面对「自由」发生(不是偶然发生)的问题,而「自由」压根儿却是位格的议题!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify; "><st1:chsdate year="2009" month="5" day="3" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2009/05/03</span></st1:chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">主题发言之五<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">陈知纲:</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">从归正神学视角反思中国处境下三一论与崇拜关系</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">敬拜是基督徒生活核心。从“敬拜”之词源来分析,旧约希伯来文“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">shachah</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">”意为全然俯服在上帝面前;新约希腊文“</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: 宋体; ">proskuneo</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">”为</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">面对面亲吻之意</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">说明信徒与上帝的亲密关系。英文“</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: 宋体; ">worship</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">”(</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: 宋体; ">worth-ship</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)为将上帝</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">配得的威荣归给祂。<em style="color: rgb(204, 0, 51); font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><span style="color: black; ">郭立特</span></em></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">指出</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: black; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">上帝的目的是让人来敬拜上帝(</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;P10</span></sup><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)。崇拜形式包括了生活和生命主题,是我们对那位无所不在的上帝的反应(</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;P11</span></sup><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">),是集体性崇拜<sup>(</sup></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">p14</span></sup><sup><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)</span></sup><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。韦柏指出</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,崇拜是上帝与祂子民相会<sup>(</sup></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">p2</span></sup><sup><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)</span></sup><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。概括而言,崇拜涉及以下几方面:即敬拜对象、敬拜行动、敬拜主体,及彼此间的关系。毋庸置疑,三一上帝乃崇拜之对象。加尔文认为三一论是检验“背信者的试金石”。欲在教义上找出问题,殊为困难。但是,实际情形却不同。托伦斯将教会崇拜分为实际的一神论人本主义崇拜模式——即教义上虽不否认三一论,但崇拜中却完全成为一种人本主义的习惯行为;三一论崇拜模式,即借助圣灵认识道成肉身的主,借着基督认识父。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">那么,在中国现实处境下的教会崇拜情况又如何呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">一、崇拜之处境与问题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">笔者曾因特殊信仰处境辗转在所在城市受弟兄会、韩国灵恩派、神召会、改革宗神学影响的教会中参加教会生活,也曾因工作关系到其他地区并访问当地教会,得以对不同形态的崇拜形式有所认识。访学期间,也曾亲历改革宗、浸信会、保守五旬宗、赵圣公宗等教会、赵镛基纯福音教会、天主教、希腊正教会崇拜模式。对照观之,发现</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">今日以三多农村信徒多、老年人多、女性信徒多的中国教会之崇拜虽因时、因地而异,但存在以下问题:(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)缺乏广度:如有的教会仅将唱诗祷告看作敬拜会;割断历史,将今日自己宗派的崇视为普世历代皆然的崇拜;没有多元视角,多数教会未引入各种节期崇拜,如受难节、复活节、五旬节崇拜;崇拜程序单调,凌乱;唱诗多中国处境下一些诗歌,悲切感人,却很难提升人。(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)缺乏深度,有的教会在洗礼和圣餐上缺乏严肃性,流于形式;讲道多注重个人经历,没有以道本身为中心,流于浮泛;此外,不少教会只安排讲员,不要求内容,讲道缺乏系统性、连续性、针对性;祷告乏力,没有震撼力,信徒没有感同身受的深刻体会;第三、缺乏一致性,有的教会全凭带领人自己别出心裁的安排,没有程序,即兴讲道等等。如何在中国目前处境下改善教会崇拜呢?对此,笔者将立足于中国处境从三一论与崇拜之间的关系进行反思,以冀引发爱我中华教会的神学人士深入思考。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">二、敬拜对象三一论的分析</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第一、三一论进路分析。三一论肇端于“第一位神学家”的教父爱任纽(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">175-195</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">年),成形于亚他纳修</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(293-<span class="mw-formatted-date"> 373</span></span><span class="mw-formatted-date"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">年</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,丰富于加帕多加教父与奥古斯丁而成为教会信仰正统。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">自上世纪巴特将三一论重新放置于系统神学的首要位置后,此后现代神学路向无不重视三一论在整个神学系统中的位置。“三一论复兴”之势使其成为厘清其他神学课题的重要基础。通常,三一论进路有先验论演绎进路及经验论归纳思路。前者,多首要关注上帝存有本质,为内在三一;后者,则多关注上帝之经纶,为经世三一。然而,自巴特提出“内含于启示的三一论”而降,三一论进路多从关系性本体论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(relational ontology)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">诠释,如荣格从三一内外关系性、拉纳从内外一致、莫尔特曼从上帝向世界开放、及潘能伯格三一相互委身的进路等,从而将上帝的存有与作为关联起来。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这种进路强调上帝奥秘的三一存有借助其启示行动来彰显,而启示则寓于创造、拯救和护佑中彰显,上帝这种经世活动正揭示出上帝自身内蕴的存有。这种主张打破了静态内在与进程经纶的两种界限,建立起一种爱的团契生命的上帝观,从而使人们能借助上帝启示自身的行动,更丰富地理解上帝的存有。这种进路既强调“三”的个殊性又强调“一”的统一性,成为批判西方单子论的个体主义和集体主义社群论的有力武器。然而,中国本土之三一论建设或因拿来主义或因本土观念的影响相对薄弱。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第二、中国三一论当有的走向。在三一论问题上,笔者指出,既然新教的重要原则是“唯独圣经”,故被理查德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">·</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">胡克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(1554-1600)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">圣经意识比一万个奥古斯丁、哲罗姆、克里索斯顿、奚普里安所带给人的还要强烈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的加尔文的意见足资我们借鉴。他诉诸奥古斯丁更温和谦卑的方式,允许人们在基本一致的框架内有不同的表述</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn37" name="_ednref37" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。他认为,认识上帝与认识人彼此关联密不可分,但关键首先在认识上帝。而欲认识上帝,必须在基督里蒙救赎,进而认识三一上帝。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三一上帝的三个位格均参与了祂国度的拓展工作。圣父“不是躲在角落里说明到底何为真宗教,而是向地的四极发出祂的大声。”</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">基督降世“乃是要用祂的恩典覆庇整个世界”。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">而圣灵降临,“则是要将福音传到地极”</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">简而言之,那“遍满地面”的无数后裔都是从基督生的。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">基督国度的胜利将在列邦中彰显出来。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">所以,他的三一论是应当依托圣灵论、以圣经为引导、从基督论入手、以三一论矩阵为模式。而且,他的三一论是建立在“演绎—归纳—演绎”循环演进的。李锦纶以其广阔的神学视角与批判方法深刻地指出,近现代从关系论本体论的局限是没有在本质上得到同步发展,并提出了基于圣经启示、开放的生命共同体主张(</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;P138</span></sup><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)。这与归正神学的精神“不断归正”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">semper reformata</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)而不是固守以往的成就(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">reformata</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)一致的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第三、三一论对崇拜的影响进路分析。人们所抱的上帝观直接影响了教会崇拜。加尔文提出,在崇拜问题上,我们不能采取任何只从自己出发适合自己的观念,而是要唯独仰望上帝的命令,严格遵守上帝设定的崇拜形式与规则。上帝不悦纳任何并非由祂的道所设立的崇拜形式。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">上帝的命令唯独显明在圣经。归回圣经,不是抛弃传统,乃是归回众教父所诠释、教会所保守、用于教会建造的圣经。注重圣经也非不注重圣灵。圣灵忠于真理,唯有当人们将圣经当得的尊严和敬畏归给它时,圣灵才发出其权能。除非上帝的圣道为圣灵确证,否则我们就不会确信圣经。因为主已将他的圣道的确实性和他的圣灵结合起来,好叫我们因为蒙受圣灵光照得见上帝荣面时,心中充满对圣经的敬畏之心。另一方面,在圣经里面毫无疑惑地完全接受圣灵。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">尊耶稣基督为主,使上帝的国度具有了普世性。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">奥古斯丁指出,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我是我所是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">上帝使人成为是者,上帝将不可传达的属性外全部传递给人,且使之有发展潜能。故而,人原初可与上帝‘合而为一’,被拯救的罪人也可与上帝‘合而为一。但同时,他又与上帝有别,介于永恒之上帝与虚无之间,是时空之维中的形象。如此,崇拜不仅使上帝成为上帝,也使人成为人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三、敬拜行动要素的分析</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.75pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第一、圣经中敬拜要素分析。首先,旧约崇拜主要透过“西乃山事件”启示。上帝不仅因祂是出于永恒且超越时空的自存圣善的“是者”,也因祂借恩慈的护佑介入时空将以色列人从埃及领出来“使之是”的作为,要求处于以色列人来崇拜祂,且是以摩西及众长老代表的以色列全体选民的崇拜形式</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。崇拜核心是宣讲上帝的圣道、为以色列民设定真正尊上帝为上帝的规范</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。同时,也要求以色列民要尽心、尽性、尽意委身于上帝、投身于邻舍;崇拜经纶方式是上帝与以色列民立民族之约即“摩西之约”或“西乃之约”。其次,新约崇拜是通过四福音书所载主耶稣教导与示范,随之是《使徒行传中》对早期教会崇拜模式描述。主耶稣尊重旧约敬拜模式,生八日便于圣殿被献给上帝,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">12</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">岁成为“律法之子”到圣殿中学习律法,在耶路撒冷过节。受洗时,对施洗约翰说礼当尽诸般的义。传道时又数度到圣殿和会堂崇拜,但也应许时候要到,那时人们要用心灵和诚实来崇拜上帝。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">主耶稣借十字架上受死并从死里复活,献上了完美的祭实现了旧约敬拜的预表,成为独有普天之下所有权柄、独享普天之下独一之名的主,成为人们万口称颂万膝跪拜的实体。祂的门徒将尊崇基督新启示的内容纳入崇拜,借圣灵光照认基督为主,据圣灵内住以身体为殿,以教会为家,并在基督里得与父上帝相合,众圣徒相交。这便导致了对旧约敬拜的根本改变,始被称为基督徒。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.75pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第二、初代教会崇拜分析。早期基督教会崇拜深受犹太崇拜模式影响,尤其是会堂崇拜模式影响。因早期犹太信徒仍到圣殿、会堂崇拜亦在家中聚会,新旧礼仪并存。然圣殿崇拜对基督教影响很小,原因是:一是后来基督徒多为外邦人,无法入圣殿;二是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">70</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">年圣殿被毁;三是大多数犹太人虽有圣殿为其重要宗教场所与象征,但其主要宗教生活是会堂崇拜。</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">犹太会堂崇拜核心是用希伯来文宣读律法,然后用当时通用语言解释,并伴以唱诗、祷告。基督教取其形式,但宣讲内容则从律法书变成了先知书。新约经卷出现后便超越旧约经卷,居最高地位。其中,四福音书被奥利金称为“圣经的皇冠”。除宣读圣经外,基督徒在教会中延续了唱诗、祷告惯例,亦编辑自己的赞美诗。不过,加入圣餐内容。崇拜日期也由一周第七日,变为一周第一日主耶稣复活之日,视之为活动高峰</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn51" name="_ednref51" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.75pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">基督教崇拜逐步演化为围绕两个主题的崇拜:一是以圣道为中心的崇拜程序,主要包含认信</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn52" name="_ednref52" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,诵经</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn53" name="_ednref53" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">、解经讲道</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn54" name="_ednref54" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">、祷告</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn55" name="_ednref55" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;二是以圣礼为中心的崇拜程序。使徒时代教会非常注重圣灵引导与崇拜仪式</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn56" name="_ednref56" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,注重在圣灵引导下行使属灵恩赐,崇拜形式活泼,无固定仪式。但一般包含彼此亲吻问安</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn57" name="_ednref57" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">、唱颂诗篇与赞美诗</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn58" name="_ednref58" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">、感恩祷告</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn59" name="_ednref59" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">、祷告多为站立</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn60" name="_ednref60" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">、代求</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn61" name="_ednref61" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">、圣餐</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn62" name="_ednref62" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">以纪念主的死与复活</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn63" name="_ednref63" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">、与奉献</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn64" name="_ednref64" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。人们回应阿门</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn65" name="_ednref65" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,或公颂主祷文</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn66" name="_ednref66" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。男女分开,男人光着头,女人蒙头</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn67" name="_ednref67" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。后使徒时代教会崇拜因当时处境,多为秘密聚会,或在家、或于洞穴、坟场。崇拜人员上也受到犹太崇拜模式影响唯允许被拣选者聚会,参加圣餐部分。主餐方式由一起用餐爱筵转变为“圣餐”感恩崇拜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第三、宗教改革中崇拜分析。宗教改革后,路德拨乱反正将将崇拜结构划分成“圣道的传讲”与“圣礼”实行两部份,视其为真教会标志。加尔文宗亦然,唯在此基础上提出了教会制定教会纪律以保证正当崇拜的观念。只是圣公宗教会因时势之故,在教会礼仪问题上存在强调礼仪的高派教会、不强调礼仪的低派与因地因教会不同而对礼仪各有其侧重广派之分。但是,多数新教教会均采用两种圣礼。在著述讲道上,一反天主教以拉丁语为仪式做法,路德强调用德语被称为现代“德语之父”,加尔文也是如此,被称为“现代法语之父”。鲍斯玛认为,加尔文的崇拜受到了人文主义影响,源头上汲取了如罗伦佐•瓦拉、塞涅卡、伊拉斯谟等人文主义修辞学传统</span><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_edn68" name="_ednref68" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; "></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;他被麦格拉斯成为修辞家。显然,他们于持守圣经教导以修正传统中,于受真道之不变中作了针对当时处境变所当变、便所能变的变革。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">四、 结论:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">综上所述,崇拜乃以三一上帝为对象,以圣道宣讲与圣礼施行为内容,以造就众生徒为依归之动态开放过程。在中国处境下,教会当做到:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第一、首重神学建设。福音之君临中国,于今已有数度。基督新教传入中国已历</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">200</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">余年,但期间因政治历史原因,一直鲜有自己的神学,多奉行拿来主义,在教会崇拜问题上亦然。为正本清源,当归回归回上帝话语的圣经,如李锦纶所言的以圣灵为光照、以传统为参考、以哲学为批判、以科学为扩充以经验为印证的圣经,注重在循环演绎或开放生命共同体式的三一进路中宣讲,既重一又重三、既重内在的统一性又重经纶的多样性宣讲,解决人们非此即比的极性思维。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第二、圣道传讲上,(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)宣讲出于祂、关于祂至圣、至荣、威严可畏、超乎万物之上的命题性真理,以显出人之不配、愚拙、诡诈多变、有限渺小,使人谦卑顺服下来,聆听祂圣道;使人单单联于元首基督,使教崇拜具有“普世性”与“大公性”。宣讲出于祂、也关乎祂贯乎万物之中、恩典怜悯、信实守约的位格性,以将一切在不同处境中受压迫者、孤儿寡妇、瘸腿的、瞎眼的、有罪的、饥渴的、凡需要上帝的人纳入祂国度中,成为爱、平等和公义社会公共神学的基础。若不宣讲前者,基督教将成为世俗化宗教。若不宣讲后者,基督教就会变成冷酷的自然神论。将圣道宣讲与经历印证结合,将注重基督与注重圣灵联系起来,将个体的人与基督徒团契联系起来,建造基督的身体。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)圣道传讲须透过圣灵诉诸上帝圣道,以折服人理性;须透过生命体验引证,以打动人之情感;须强调践行,以操练人行道意志。仅流于情感、难免狂热;仅诉诸体验,难免偏狭与迷信;仅传讲教义,未免言行不一,以致假冒伪善;仅强调意志,难免刚硬、心如铁石。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第三、崇拜礼仪。圣经所设礼仪为普世教会宝贵的共同财产。在此,中国教会应:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)重洗礼、圣餐、祷告,视之为上帝所设“蒙恩之道”,以祝福那领受蒙恩之道的人,以教导新信徒,以赋予教会合一特色,以复制倍增,以给人带来稳定的心理预期。若忽视礼仪意义,便未顾及教会成员灵命有不同,年龄有长幼,领悟有快慢之差,难免少了牧者之心。在崇拜组织上,当种受装备且忠心的圣职人员带领,虽弟兄姊妹在小组中可分享祷告回应,但务要郑重上帝所交付真道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)须有基本稳定的崇拜模式,但亦应为圣灵引导之自由留下空间。僵化固定的仪式失去了针对不同时代、地区处境中信徒的关顾,日久就会乏味,积年便致陈腐。泥古僵化,辖制圣灵自由运行就成为化石,乃至绊脚石。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">)须在崇拜中重“心灵和诚实敬拜”,靠着圣灵运行于人心以联于基督,以心灵之自由崇拜圣父与圣徒相同,带出教会活力,复以此能力进入世界生活以照亮世界。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">中国神学羸弱日久,要克服从国外拿来的流弊及国内人心败坏造成的流弊,虽非一日之功,但国人同胞必当奋起尽心、尽性、尽意、尽力以事奉上主,照圣经所定崇拜规范及归正方向,守上帝圣道中之常,变其当变,变其能变,好荣耀上主,造就众圣徒,如此中国教会必成为世上坚固城。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">参考文献:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">①李锦纶《永活上帝生命主》,台北,中福出版有限公司,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2004</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">年,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">版。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">②</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">[</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">古罗马</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">] </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">奥古斯丁:《论三位一体》,上海世纪出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2005</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">年,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">版,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2007</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">刷。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">③</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "> William D. Maxwell</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">An Outline of Christian Worship Its Development and Forms</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Scott Press, 2007</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">④</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">[</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">] </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">伯克富:《基督教教义史》,赵忠辉译,北京,宗教文化出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2000</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">年,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">版。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">⑤</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">[</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">]</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">韦柏(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Robert E.Webber</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">):《崇拜認古識今》何李穎芬,香港,宣道出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2000</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">版。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">⑥ </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">郭立特(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">T.S. Garrett</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">):《基督教的崇拜》,陈锡辉译,香港,道声出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">1988</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">版。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">⑦ 周伟弛:《奥古斯丁三一论》,香港,《道风》杂志,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">1997</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">年第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">7</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">期;修订后载入《现代语境中的三一论》,香港,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">1999</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">⑧ </span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Calvin, <i>Institutes of Christian Religion</i>, trans by Ford Lewis Battles. ed John.T. McNeill, ( Louisville • London</span></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Westminster John Knox Press).</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">前述问题与跟进</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 27pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">一)概览部分的讨论</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">问题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在说明三一论时,与东方教父比起来,我们所学的神学在本体论的理解上有很大不同,我也感受到了以位格为终极的理解确实会带来很多新鲜的洞察,而且也能直观地说明我们读经、祷告的体验。我想问的是,在本体论的理解上有差异时,是否意味着如果我们换一种新的本体论理解,就要对原有的已经在西方教会的传统中形成的一切教义说明都重新解释?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 27pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师:</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这个问题很好</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我的回答是我个人的体验。我不认为这会造成对西方教会整个传统内容的修改,原因是:一,西方教会的信仰内容不是以哲学为核心价值的,而是以圣经信仰为核心价值的。因此不论是东方教会还是西方教会,都有以圣经为本的共同信仰核心,这使得虽然在本体论的理解上东西方教会有不同的角度,但这只是形式、表达形态层次上的不同。当然,表达形态可能会限制某些真理内容的表达,但不会完全压抑真理的内容。所以我们要做的不是把西方传统全盘否定,而是重新评估,这种评估还是要回到圣经,把圣经的核心价值作为立足点。这样,我们就有两个传统作为参考,在这两个传统同时存在时,我们就可以进行比较。有时两个传统都有其真理性,或者说某一个东西是对的,而这个角度讲得清楚一点,另一个角度讲得不够,两个传统就有一个彼此互补的作用。比如说从三一论这样一个内容来讲,我自己的看法是这样的:我是尝试两个方面的内容,一个是西方的,一个是东方的,我看到东方教会提供了一个很清晰的框架,但</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">从</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">位格者内省的内容上来讲,奥古斯丁却提供了</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">一个有着</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">非常深厚经历的内容,这里就需要有一个整合了,这个整合可能是一个初步的建议 ,就是把东方教会表达位格的两个词</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">ekstasis</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">和</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">hypostasis</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">所代表的位格的不同面向作为一个基本的对位格的了解,与奥古斯丁对位格者的内省进行整合。奥古斯丁在忏悔录里面讲到很多关于人性的事情,他自己的内省还有他与上帝、与人之间的关系,如何可以用东方教会所提供的对位格的理解来看呢?如果尝试从这个角度来看奥古斯丁,你会发现很多精彩的东西。本来奥古斯丁想得不是太清楚的,从新的框架来看时,就会一目了然。而东方教会没有太多讨论的内省的问题,在奥古斯丁那里找到了</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">所以这是一个互补的情形。但是我要提一点,从本体论来讲,在西方的传统,假如把奥古斯丁作为代表的话,的确有一个柏拉图的框架在那里,在此框架中他也尝试突破,但是那个框架还是在那里,所以我对奥古斯丁的批判就是,有时觉得他太受框架限制了。当然这个框架在他发展自己的思想中也是一个很好的工具。那个西方的柏拉图框架,就是巴门尼德的存有的观念,从公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">600</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">多年一直到今天,这个传统一直产生着影响,而且也通过奥古斯丁对西方教会的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">神学</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">传统产生了非常深厚的影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">问题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:我想就这个问题继续往教牧方面问一下,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">因为本体论的问题最会影响到认识论方面对人的实际情况所产生的影响,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我们看到其实现在整个学界都受到工具理性、交往理性的影响。从谈关系角度来看,东方神学的重新发现,我觉得是后现代的现象,是利用历史上的资源去呼应在神学上更加强调关系、更多强调接触的认识,您觉得这种神学的倾向,会否导致对教义体系的轻视,会认为那个是概念化、抽象的字句,会跟实际上我们认识的上帝是有差距的,会造成实际的教牧过程中教义的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">弱化</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,就会偏向于巴特所讲的那样。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:我不认为是这样。首先,后现代文化里面,可能很重视关系,但是我不认为后现代所讲的关系与东方教会所讲的关系是一样的东西。因为东方教会所讲的关系很明显有一个神学内容在里面,有神学基础在里面,而后现代文化没有这个神学基础,它是在相对主义当中所讲的关系。其次,我认为东方教会所提出的内容有一个很深厚的思考内容,它不是一个表面的东西,反而我觉得正是在后现代文化的处境中,它才真正能够针对后现代文化把福音讲得更清楚。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 35.4pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">二)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">《</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">启示录</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">》</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">中的三一论部分的讨论</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 27pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">问题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">3</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><st1:personname productid="罗伟" w:st="on"><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">罗伟</span></st1:personname><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">提到</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">《</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">启示录</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">》</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">实际上是藉着异象用象征来呈现超越时间和空间的真理,这个听起来有点像理念派。您所给我们呈现的这个超越时间和空间的真理框架,怎样使我们进入到时间和空间中看待这个世界,看待我们所处的时间和空间,又对我们理解有什么帮助呢?就是说如何</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">给这个定</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">位</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">呢</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="罗" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">罗</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:我太太常常问我一个问题,你是不是活在现实世界里,她一直觉得我没有活在现实世界中,因为世界的人所追求的,我都没有太大的兴趣。但是我也反问她,什么是真实的呢?是这个世界的人所追求的是真实的,还是我们带走的才是真的呢?其实我上面所用的那些词语是一些学者在研究启示文学时所用的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">实际上</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在基督教里我们所用的都是属灵的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">尽管有时我们对什么是属灵的定义不是很明确,有时把它狭窄化了,放在很小的范围里面。其实约翰在这里是要从一个永恒的、从一个长远的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">超越空间时间的角度来表达属灵的真理</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这是当代启示文学所用的一种表达模式</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我用一个类比的方式表达可能会更清楚一点</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">耶稣在世时说了很多比喻,我们把异象和比喻放在同一个位置来看。在比喻里面,耶稣用的都是这个世界的事情,一个父亲、童女、珍珠等等,用这个世界的事情来比喻。我们知道比喻大部分是虚构的,耶稣其实是用世界上的事情通过比喻这个形式来传达真理。对约翰来讲,或者在启示文学那个范畴里,也可以说异象是一种比喻,只不过耶稣用的是世界上的事情来代表一些属灵的东西</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">但在那样的异象空间里,可以把很多东西放在里面,那些东西是约翰在异象里面看到的,不是这个世界的。一个兽可以有可以有七头十角,因为是在异象里面</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">他可以把很多东西加在一起,把旧约的十二个支派和新约的十二个使徒后面的教会在一个异象里面加在一起</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">他用这样的方式表达真理</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,这</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是那个时代的人所知道的、习惯的表达真理的方式,约翰只不过是穿上一件衣服。耶稣是把真理穿上比喻的衣服,约翰是用当代人所了解的方式来呈现相同的真理。透过这样的方式来看,用属灵的角度来看现在到底是怎么回事</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">也因着从未来、属天的角度来看现在,你的整个生活就不一样了,你所看重的就不是那么重要了。可以说这是一种坐标的转移,在时间和空间上把坐标转移后,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">你</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">看东西就不一样了。其实异象和比喻是非常相似的,只不过约翰可以通过异象把很多东西加在一起,他可以把但以理在异象中看到的四个国度的异象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">那个四兽加在一只兽身上</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在这里</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">历史是压缩的,至少在约翰</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">时</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">代</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,那只兽</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">代表的是罗马,但是它又不只代表</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">那个时</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">代的,所有历</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">时</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">历代的敌对神的政权其实都在那一个兽身上彰显出来了,他是把时间空间压缩了。在十一章里面那两个见证人也是如此,他们是神的子民,他们可以行两个旧约最伟大的先知叫天降雨等等能力</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">他们也可以像主一样</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在这里</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">约翰把旧约圣徒受苦与耶稣的受难结合在一起,那两个见证人像耶稣一样死去了。他把耶稣的三天转化为三天半,因为三又二分之一是在旧约里圣徒受苦的年份。但是旧约的先知的属灵模式不足以继续表达教会所走的路,所以他又把耶稣从死里复活的模式加进来,就是三天半以后他们从死里复活成了神</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">性</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的身躯。所以他把整个时空都压缩在一个</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">模式</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">上面。从这样一个角度来看,如果两个见证人象征的是教会的话,那么教会显然要走主的路,将来的胜利已经在那样一个异象里得到了保证</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这样的话会带来整个态度的转变。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 27pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">问题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">4</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:在</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">《</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">启示录</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">》</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">中的三一中,我们看到神圣的三一这个概念明显是带有本原性质的,但是跟神圣三一论有一个对比,也许是我的理解,叫邪恶的三一集团。三一论是本原性的,我们的被造都来源于此。这个邪恶的三一集团与神圣三一的关系是什么性质</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">?</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">两者之间是否有一种很密切的关系?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24.1pt; "><st1:personname productid="罗" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">罗</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:其实在那两组之间是有对比的,在当时做的事情上,约翰好像是有意的让邪恶的三一“有红龙、有海兽、有</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">陆</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">兽”,用这样的方式来呈现。在另外的一边也有同样这三样东西,当然在当代都有所指。在邪恶的三一里面,红龙所做的事情和圣父的是对应的,圣父授权给圣子,这边红龙授权给海兽,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">陆</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">兽所做的工作好像是圣灵的工作。约翰</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">似乎</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是刻意将这两组弄出来,然后藉着那样的对比来看这两组最终的命运跟他们的权势等等。其实约翰有反讽的意思,撒旦想要自立为上帝,约翰让</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">它</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">以这种方式出现,好像撒旦要有自己的圣子,要有自己的圣灵,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">它</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">还要有做的事情,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">它</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">还要再来。从这样的对比中就可以看到它的可笑,过去没有的将来要灭亡,只有现在等等的事情</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">用这样的方式,约翰其实是在嘲笑邪恶三一集团想要学上帝</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">学得有点像,但还差那么一点。我不觉得那是巧合的,因为他们所做的事情你可以找到清楚的对应,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">陆</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">兽做的,海兽做的。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">陆</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">兽做的就是鼓动大家来拜那个海兽,好像圣灵带领人来敬拜耶稣、认识耶稣一样。约翰是用这样的方式来呈现另外一边的不足。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">追问</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:就是说邪恶的集团也带有三一性?可以这样理解吗?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><st1:personname productid="罗" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">罗</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:当然跟我们的神圣三一是有差异的,它是被造的。红龙会用海兽、罗马,用世界上的政权来完成一些事情,它会有</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">陆</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">兽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在当代代表的是小亚细亚地区当地的政要,它们去推行罗马的一些政策,好像罗马的宣传机器,让那些人去效忠罗马。因此完全没有神圣性。开始红龙就是被造的,只是他好像要学上帝,在建立他的国时</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">也</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">一</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">样在他的时空范围之内画葫芦</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三)奥古斯丁之《论三位一体》的讨论</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">问题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">5</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:宗教改革的口号是</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">《</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">圣经</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">》</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">和奥古斯丁。</span><st1:personname productid="章" w:st="on"><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">章</span></st1:personname><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在很多地方提到天父,提到父神,但是宗教改革更加关注的是圣子的救恩以及教会论和圣灵的工作方面。是不是从奥古斯丁到宗教改革中间有一个典范的转移,那么这个转移是什么?还有,在中国当代,我们最近的五十年比较像奥古斯丁以前那个殉道者时代,那么我们是否到了需要有我们自己的奥古斯丁来面对挑战的时代了?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><st1:personname productid="章" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">章</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:其实奥古斯丁</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的神学思想</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是有很多层</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">面</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我们把奥古斯丁比较的脸谱化了,其中的一个脸谱就来自于宗教改革,还有一个脸谱可能来自阿奎那对奥古斯丁的解释。今天处在普世的传统里,那些脸谱我们当然要认,而且应该认清,奥古斯丁是否真的就只是那样的一种解释或两种解释</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">?</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">还有无其他解释</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">?</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">其他解释对我们是很有意义的,因为其他解释是我们基于今天的生活背景和教会背景的考虑,这就直接与我们有关系。毫无疑问,奥古斯丁被认为是基督中心论的,这种解释可以看出有很强的背景信息,但是我们今天的考量是三一论,不是基督中心论的。放在三一论中</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">看</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,圣父是很重要的一环。<st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on">李</st1:personname>老师也不断讲到东方教会对圣父的了解,很重要的是圣父的位格。奥古斯丁的圣父位格与东方教父有一些不同,东方教父在讲圣父位格时,比较侧重从神性的始发者、发出者、生育者这个角度来讲,然后讲到几个位格之间怎样合一的问题,形成一种动力性的位格这样的讲法。但是奥古斯丁在讲圣父的时候很有意思,他说三一,忏悔录是一个很好的进路,很可能上帝之城是另外一个进路,只不过我自己没有对上帝之城有很好的研究。忏悔录是一个三一论进路,他不是从一个圣父本身的位格属性是什么样的来讲,先不从那些关系来讲,而是从圣父与我们的关联来讲,从上帝是行动的上帝的角度来讲,存有就是行动。如果从这个角度讲,我们就可以看到圣父论里面所包含的一些与我们的关联。我觉得在我们东方人的观念里有一个很重要的东西,就是一个自我涵养问题,我们怎么样在信仰里面涵养我们自我,儒家文化里面很讲这个东西,道家文化也很讲这个东西。我们可以从这样一个存有的理解去突破西方对奥古斯丁的认识,而回到一个我们中国人非常强调的我全然的个人是什么</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这是儒家的一个看法</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">它还不是道德,道德本身涵养不出一个道德的自我,唯有从一个很高的上面,才能涵养一个道德的自我来。我们看到奥古斯丁的色谱是很多维的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">所以我自己不是要突出来讲奥古斯丁的圣父论会跟基督论有什么关联,我的焦点是它最终所指向的东西,救赎论上他的指向是什么,当然还有在教会论上的指向是什么,只是这是我现在考虑的问题。在我在全面研究忏悔录之后,我回过头来会处理一个问题,这个上帝不是单纯在自我里面,而是与历史的关系,通过上帝关系与历史的关系来处理教会的问题。这个我相信在上帝之城里面会处理</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这就把政治的问题、政治的概念做一个生活化的处理,而不是把它做行政化的处理</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这样对奥古斯丁有一个扩展的了解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:刚才所说的典范转移,我想是有的。很明显</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">从路德和加尔文来看,他们所注重的是救恩的问题,用来回应中世纪的天主教神学</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。要回答</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">如何得到救赎的问题,那么就一定会回到基督中心论来讨论。刚才<st1:personname productid="章" w:st="on">章</st1:personname>老师提到,奥古斯丁有多层次的内容,我们需要扩大我们的视野才能看到不同层次,不然我们只能看到宗教改革家所看到的奥古斯丁。不仅看待奥古斯丁是这样,看其他事情也是一样。我对国内教会有一个关心,就是有时候太过从宗教改革的角度看事情,这样会把很多重要的内容忽略掉,就变成平面化</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这会影响到教会的发展。因为当平面化时,有一些本来要面对的问题就没有资源面对了</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这是我非常关心的中国教会的发展以及现在要面对的问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">问题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">7</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:现在</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">《</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">忏悔录</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">》</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的中文译本哪一本更适合我们阅读?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="章" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">章</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:周士良的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">译本</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">可以。虽然在有些细节方面他处理得还不那么神学</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">化</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,在某些神学理念方面可能弱一些,可能他也意识不到这个问题,但从修辞学角度来说,他的译本还不错。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:判断用什么译本,要看译者与作品本身的关联性。我的意思是说,如果是奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》,必须找到有信仰的译者,他才能看出一些东西出来。周士良,我感觉他是有信仰的,他可能是一个天主教徒,不然他看不出里面的一些东西,他的译本我比较有信心。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">问题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">8</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:<st1:personname productid="章" w:st="on">章</st1:personname>老师,您讲的与<st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on">李</st1:personname>老师好像互相呼应。刚才<st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on">李</st1:personname>老师也说东方教会在三一论上有很好的框架,在西方教会像奥古斯丁提出了很丰厚的体验</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">内容,所以可以用东方教会的框架再去解释像奥古斯丁这样的很丰厚的体验的内容,很显然您就是这样的范例。您进入这个问题的思路与东方的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Zizioulas</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的洞察有什么关联没有?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="章" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">章</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:我跟<st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on">李</st1:personname>老师有相似的地方是肯定的,因为我们都是研究教父学的,都是从古典进入到现代,当然我关注现代会少一些。如果我们的专业不能相似的话,我们的专业训练就有问题了。另外,也有不相似的地方。我很钦佩<st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on">李</st1:personname>老师对中国教会的责任,我的初衷虽然也有教会方面,但更多是学术上的。在学术上我主要关心三个问题。第一个让我关心的就是回到神学。我们知道中国学术界有一个文化基督徒的概念,这个被认为是学术神学。然后以此来说基督教的神学研究是基督徒学者弄的东西,是非常有问题的。但是我们需要问一个问题,什么是神学?就是说回到神学。回到神学肯定不是一个教会神学,不是说基于教会教导的需要的神学,而是生活本身就是一种神学。因为生活本身就是基于信念的,而不是基于理性的。如果生活是基于信念、信仰的话,那么我们对神学的了解就是覆盖面很宽的层面。既然这样的话,我们又如何聚焦、凝练生活与神学的关系呢?这是对我触动很大的问题,但还没有考虑清楚。第二个是由生活进入到自我塑造的问题。我近几年的变化就是从一个客观的表述进入到一个作为生活方式的神学研究。如何把生活方式从一定的教会生活扩展到全程的生活,就是基督徒离开教会的生活,这就与灵修学有关系。在我看来,三一论牵涉灵修学。不同的灵修传统,都有不同的基督形象,但那是同一个基督。我关心东方教会,一个跟我的学术研究有关,另外也与灵修生活里面的基督论和三一论的关联有关。而在灵修传统里面,用基督论取代三一论就很有问题了。因为在灵修生活里面很讲关系性的东西。所以我同意<st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on">李</st1:personname>老师讲的,它并不是作为后现代文化的一个结果来讲关系,而是当我们真的在教会教导里面有一个非常好的灵修教导的话,我们自然与世界是有距离的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我们就保持这个距离。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">这</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">并不是说世界的每一个环节都会挑起我的欲望,我完全可以不去回应它。这样的话,人会活在一个非常单纯的状态里面,我相信生命是很单纯的。我们如何去回归那个单纯性里面,就是让三和一最后回到非常纯一的状态。<st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on">李</st1:personname>老师更关心系统神学,我关心的是美学的问题</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我认为这与东方传统有关系</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">有人说基督教讲的东西不够包容,我觉得回到自我塑造里面就是够包容了。第三个</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">问题是如何</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在上帝和历史的关系里面重新处理教会在中国的位置。今天我们可能更多讲教会的治理,关心教会如何处理具体事务,但是一个神学家考虑的不应该仅是这个问题。而从这个角度来处理,我们就会对面容有一个新的认识</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">上帝的面容怎么呈现出教会的样子来呢?是通过历史这个环节来呈现</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这是我比较关心的问题。我相信这样走下去会有不同,但是在专业训练上,我与<st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on">李</st1:personname>老师是有非常相似的路线,这就是框架、取向、问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">问题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">9</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:是否</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Zizioulas</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">对存有的观念确实提出了一些明确的、有效的路径,这些路径最后能够形成一个典范?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:我认为他提出的东西有他的贡献,就是整理的贡献,但是至于是否是导向性的,我有一个问号。我认为他不是导向性的,虽然他提出的东西好像从东方教会发展来看已经到了一个地步,不敢说是到了一个瓶颈,继续发展下去的可能性还有,这个就是需要我们继续要探讨的。今天下午要讨论的第一个议题是关于本体论的议题,我想了一些可以讨论的方向。我认为是有一个稳定的基础,在此基础上继续发展是肯定的,但是能够有多少东西产生出来,我不确定,我们只能摸着石头过河。这也涉及到一个神学方法论的议题,我认为神学是会不断发展的,而且是朝着真理本身去发展,所以应该是越来越精彩。因为上帝是真理的本体,他本身就是那么精彩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">卫道议题:回应单一神观</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.5pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:在这里,我提出两个可能对象,一个是回教,一个是犹太教。这两个都是公认的一神宗教。首先我们可能要问一个问题,在单一神的宗教信仰里面,可能会产生一个敬拜对象的本质的议题。我们做一个比对,从三一神作为敬拜对象和一个单一神作为敬拜对象有什么不同,这个不同是否是本质的不同?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 20.25pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">先说爱的团契。为什么单一神信仰里面没有爱呢?我们从本体的角度来看这个问题,在单一神崇拜宗教里面,会有一个很严重的问题,它没有一个永恒的相交对象。我们可能可以说,当创造了人以后,人成为他的可相交对象,但在创造人之前没有可相交对象。所以牵涉永恒的问题,在永恒中爱的团契不是本质性的实在,这有一个很深远的意义,就是假如在一个敬拜的神当中,爱并不是它本质性的议题的话,会产生什么样的状况呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:这个会产生两种状况,而且常常同时伴随。就是一个很严厉很冷酷的神和很骄傲很自负的人。就是当它与它的创造对象进入关系时,在人们的想象中会认为它是以不同的法则来进入到它的被造世界,那么</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">自然就有自然法则,人就有道德良心,或者宗教就有在其经典中宣告的某些法则。而在这其中,它会不动声色,因为它必须严格执法,它只能在严格执法与不严格执法中选择其一,按照人的自然宗教心态会意识到它是会严格执法的,这就会感受到一个很冷酷、很冷漠的神。人受苦是活该嘛,因为他犯了罪。而对人来说,人又设想自己甚至在这样的情况下有可能跟这位神交往,还能够得它喜悦,那人对自己的处境或者可能性是相当自负的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:首先提到神,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">单一神崇拜</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">可以有他定的标准,但是定的标准如何执行呢?在执行的过程中,就会牵涉到有爱的模式与没有爱的模式的很大分别</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">没有爱的模式是很冷酷的,有爱的模式是有恩典的,这个恩典是与丰厚有关的。冷酷是最低限度的相处方式,恩典是最高限的,或者说互动的方式。就像一台机器,如果开动后,不加任何润滑油,它还是可以工作,但很快就报销了。原因是它还是在最低限度地工作,但是因为缺乏一种空间,很快就产生摩擦。因为在互动里面动态本身就会有一种不确定性,除非有恩典这样的丰厚的内容,不然很快就会磨损掉。这就是单一神观的宗教与三一神信仰的非常关键的差别。当然讲到人的自负和高傲,是这个议题的演绎。既然神有这样的标准下来,人做得到当然是很了不起了,也不需要恩典了。所以这基本上是一种价值的计算问题,是一种数学计算的议题了。而在恩典中不是数学计算,而是一种建造性的关系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">第二个问题是,回教与犹太教都是承认单一神,但在这个议题上到底有无不同呢?又有何不同呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">一般在思考神的过程中,东方人会从人文的角度来考虑,把物质的形质推演到神那里,当然这是最低的层次了。但很多人的观念里,上帝是这样的上帝,他是没有生命的,他是一些理念,我们敬拜的是一个至高的权威而已。可能回教或者犹太教可以说神有丰满,可以说神有爱,但是我用一个护教学中的神的自含丰满性这个话题来回应</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">如果只有一个位格的神,你可以说他是丰满的,可以说他是有恩典的,但在永恒里面,这个丰满</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这个恩典是</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">抽</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">像的,是不能在生命的关系中体现出来的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,而</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三一使这种丰满不仅是定义,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">也</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是一个实际</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">这个实际在永恒里面</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">在没有人的时候本来是完美的。当如今我被</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">造</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的时候,我面对这种三一的关系,他不仅有恩典,不仅有一个定义,而且有生命的实际,而这个实际是在永恒的关系中被实践、被</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">彰显</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">出来的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">当我面对他的时候,我就非常肯定他的爱,就可以很深地去爱他、去敬拜他、去回应他的爱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:所以就是在三一信仰里面有可落实性的恩典。我还是回到犹太教与回教的分别的问题上来,这里我假设犹太教完全是按旧约的,犹太教到现在还没有接受三一神的信仰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">3</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:犹太教还是上帝启示的宗教。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:回教也是上帝启示的,可兰经每一个字都是启示的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">4</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:回教的启示不是在历史中的启示,没有渐进性、延展性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 27pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:我想我们还是回到爱的团契的议题上面。到底对遵守旧约的犹太教来说,有没有可能经历爱的团契呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">答:</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">有可能,通过约。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:这有一个吊诡的情况,一方面可以进入爱的团契,但另一方面单一位格神在永恒里面又不可能产生爱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言<span lang="EN-US">5</span></span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:是否应该把犹太一神教和旧约宗教区分?因为旧约也体现了三一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:其实我有一个假设条件,假如犹太教真的遵守旧约的话,它不明白三一真理的内容,但是却经历了三一真理的内容。所以,在新约的时候就更加明白了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:如何面对救赎的议题呢?在此之前,要先搞明白,什么构成救赎的必要性,在什么条件下我们才需要救赎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">答</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:人得罪了至高神,面临他的审判。人意识到得罪了至高神,从而需要救赎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:那是个认知的层次,可以讨论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">最基层议题是</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">得罪了至高神在单一位格神的情况下可以解决吗?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">答</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:单一神自己来平息自己的愤怒,有自我矛盾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:假设人得罪了至高神</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">后</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">道歉,结果被赦免,是否可能?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">答</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:不可能,因为没有赎价</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">没有规则。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:没有赎价赦免可能吗?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">答</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:从某种角度来说是可以的,因为被赦免的条件是有这位被得罪的神自己决定的,那么他既可以定的很严格,也可以定的松松垮垮,甚至可以毫无规则,我愿意就可以,也不通过必要的手段,但这样必然导致被设想的那位至高神是自相矛盾的神。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:这牵涉一个价值重量的议题,得罪的对象是至高神的时候,就一定需要付出某种代价,才能抚平,否则这就很儿戏了,就是说这个至高神就不那么至高了,或者说他的神性就不是我们所认为的神性了。假如在单一位格神的敬拜对象的情况下,有没有可能解决价值的付出的问题呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">答</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">这在</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">一些神话里是有的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,某</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">一个人死了,去救另一个人。奉至仁、至慈的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">安拉</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的名,他们认为他们的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">安拉</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是非常非常恩慈的。得罪了以后,补偿一点就解决问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:这就是把价值降低了。这是一个是不是真神的问题,假如是真神的话,就不能随便降低。所以,基本上很难解决价值的问题,这里的价值不是一般的价值,而是无限的价值,这个无限的价值如何可以付得起呢?当然从三一神当中的中保可以承担这样的代价,因为他是无限的,他所代替的赎罪是具有无限的价值,就可以解决人得罪神所造成的损害。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言<span lang="EN-US">6</span></span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:是不是还涉及到一个救赎的执行问题?因为单一位格的神,他不能既做救赎的审判者,又作为救赎代价的承受者,这两个之间是有矛盾的。所以这里还会有一个问题,就是说那要设想人和神之间并不存在鸿沟,因为人犯了罪罚神,神在这样的情况下怎么能代表对方来受罚呢?那样的话,就不是人犯了罪,而是神立错了法。除非他作为人来受罚,以某种方式来代表人,跟人处于认同的地位受罚。还有一个问题,我们总是在讲救赎的必要性,我们得罪了而需要一个三一神。那么救赎的另外一个方向,就是救赎对于至高神来说是不一样的,他可以付这个代价,也可以选择不付这个代价。对于我们所信仰的三一神而言,这是必要的吗</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">?</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">还是只是他的一个自由的选择</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:我相信这不是一个逻辑的必要性,但是这是出于上帝的恩典的自由,他愿意这样做。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="罗" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">罗</span></b></st1:personname><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:上帝必须要救赎,因为不救赎的话,就不可以达到他创世的目的,如果不能达到创世的目的,就不是上帝了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言<span lang="EN-US">7</span></span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:或者说这样的三一的爱的神,至高的神,当他选择不救赎时,他还会选择爱的团契吗?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:对,你可以提这个问题,就是他的爱是不是在这个情况里面还会落实。不过我们可以这样说他还是有自由的,可以选择不这样做。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">8</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:我觉得没有从逻辑上想,如果就这样观察的话,单一神论者可能会要求他的信徒做什么样的努力去恢复这种关系,而得罪至高神的时候,一方面是我得罪了他,另一方面就是靠我个人的努力是无法修复这种关系的。而单一神论者可能会强调靠个人的努力就可以修复得了。是否可以靠自己的努力来修复是一个问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">9</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:有时会把罪虚无化,其实没有罪,只有对罪的感觉,超越罪的感觉,只要以某种方式进入到也无罪也无义,只有你与神之间其乐融融的关系。我想诺斯替主义就是这个特点,中国的通俗基督教也是这样。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">哲学议题:三一并位格之本体议题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">讨论方向:一,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Being as Existence </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">存有就是存在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>          </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">二,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Being as Person<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span>          </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">三,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Being as Communion<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:这个英文比较清楚一点。首先我们要搞清楚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是怎么一回事,中文一般翻译成存有。在看“存有”这个词时,会分解成存和有,存就是在的意思,有就是指拥有,好像倾向于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的观念,就是存在与否的观念,比如我拿着的东西可以确定是存在的。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">光是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">呢?那么</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">到底讲的是什么?我相信</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">讲了一个意思就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">reality</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,这个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">reality</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">不仅仅是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,而是包括了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">当中还包括内容,内容丰富还是不丰富是另一个议题。我想对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的一个比较全面的理解,就是看为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">reality</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的解释,中文解释为实际,或者译成真际,就是真正是什么情况。所以,我们从这个来考虑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Being as Existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的时候,我们到底会想到什么呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">1</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:在圣经里面,在咱们中文词语里面,有一个词讲物质性的存有的时候,用了一个“有形质的”,这个词可能是在日常生活中使我们最容易体验存在的概念。就是说它有某种特定的内在和外在的样式,另外又有实际构成它的材料。可能在我们问上帝存在时,马上就直接会想到把他比附于有形质的物的存在,可能是这两个概念,用亚里士多德的讲法,就是形式和质料。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.5pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:但是假如我们同意质料或者是物这种观点来审视的话,就会有一个问题。就是说这是一种物理性的观念,是从我们平时生活的感观的接触中得出来的一个归纳。一般来讲,当我讲到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">时就会想到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,可能是由于我受西方观念影响,西方哲学传统在讲到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">都是讲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的问题,因为它假设了巴门尼德的观点。所以我们要小心,当我们讲到上帝存在的时候,是不是也会借用这套东西去思想上帝呢?假如是的话,就会有不足够的情况呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">所以我们就要问第二个问题了。假如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">不光是讲到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的时候,而是讲到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">person</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的时候,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being as person </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。这个其实对于存在主义来说,是常常碰到的问题,就是这个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">虽然还是讲到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,但却是在讲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的经历的问题了,所以它实际是讲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">personal experience </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。这个是转移了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的定义,把</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">reality</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">不是作为一个客观的存在体,而是讲到作为一个主体它如何经历实在的状况的议题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">2</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:我有一个很基础的要求,就是给</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;Person</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(位格)一个清晰的定义。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:先不要把</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;Person</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">赋予神学意义,而是把它作为一个一般的词,就是主体性,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Being</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">是存有,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Being as Person</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">就译成“作为主体的存有”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">追问</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:人作为一个主体,与动物作为一个主体和桌子作为一个主体有什么差别。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.6pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:这是三个层次,就是人、动物和桌子,先从这个角度来看。桌子是没有主体的,那么动物有没有主体?在这里,我问一个问题:狗作为动物与变形虫比较,这两者之间有无不同?假如把“可做决定而按照决定行动”为条件的话,那么狗肯定有,狗会做决定。而变形虫也会做某种决定,假如把它放在水里面,放某种化学物在里面,它可能会远离,所以可以算是它的决定,当然也可以把这当做它的本能反应。但是这可能只是程度上的差别。你可能会问它是否能做有意识的决定。我们会发现,在动物界中,高等动物我们可以确定,但是低等动物我们就无法确定了。那么看狗与人,人的主体性与高等动物的主体性有什么差别呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我讲一下我的看法。其实狗与人的分别是有限与无限的分别。狗有决定的能力,也可能有反思的能力,但是是一种有限的情况。而人是无限的,而这种无限是一种潜在的无限。比如在做坏事的时候,人跟狗是不同的。人可以在你面前哈哈大笑,在背后插你几刀,这个伤害性是更大的,而狗最多就是咬你几口。人的坏有一种无限性、超越性。我们在讲到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;Person</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的时候,我们说人的情况才是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;Person</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,这里有一个前提,就是说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;Person</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">有一种超越性、无限性,这里讲到的反思能力,就是超越环境的能力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">不过在这里我想提出,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">;Person</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的议题,在主体的议题也有,它有两个面向。一个就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">living existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,是活着的,第二个就是可以建立关系的,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">relatability</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">。作为主体都有这两个方面,包括狗,不同的是人有超越性和无限性。这就是东方教会讲的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">ekstasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">living existence</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">hypostasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,我把它译成位格的内涵,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">relatability</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">ekstasis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">,我把它译成位格的延展。在讲到位格和主体时,都离不开这两方面。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">我们就要进到第三个专题,就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Being as Communion</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的议题。其实这是一个逻辑的步骤,当我们讲位格是活着的,又能建立关系时,当超过一个位格时,就会成为一个群体,然后群体就会产生一个互动、交流。这里我们就要问,这种互动和交流是怎样的一种形态呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Being as Communion</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">关乎一个双重议题,就是个体和群体同时实在的一个议题,因为在一群主体当中,就会又有个体又有群体的情况,当然我们是讲一般的情况。我们其实还有一个议题,就是个体与群体的连结的议题,在众多个体成为一个群体的情况下,到底什么因素使个体连结成为一个群体的实际?这个就是圣灵在三一里面扮演的角色。群体就是一体的情况,个体就是跟位格主体有关,当然个体这个词不太适合用在三一论中的三位的情况,因为个体是可分割的独立体,在人可以这样讲,但是在三一的父子圣灵不合适。但是我们看到格局出现了,就是超过一的位格者成为群体的一时,要求有一个连结,这种连结必须要能够触动个体与个体之间的关联性。这里我们看到,三一的实际好像有一种逻辑性,它不光是神学议题,好像是在一个逻辑关系里要求有这样的情况。当然在这里,我们讲一般生活的情况时,就会讨论文化的角色。因为从哲学角度来讲,在社会里面是文化扮演连结的功能的。文化可以是多方面的,它的作用就是刺激每一个个体、每一个主体与社会或群体的彼此的互动关系。一方面是一种投射,每一个个别主体里面的内容投射出来成为公共财产,同时它又会反哺,就是把公共领域有的东西会反哺回去,在回到个体时又会调整自己,所以就成为整个一体化的过程。当然,讲到文化时是有一种被动性的,圣灵是主动的。即便是这种被动性,人的欲望也会与外面的事情产生一种互动,从而触动人的投入的过程。文化这个议题我还没有想成熟,但是我想这个问题会是一个值得探讨的议题。讲到这里,我又想起<st1:personname productid="罗" w:st="on">罗</st1:personname>老师讲的红龙,就是假先知扮演的角色,就是触动不同的人对于共同文化的一种投入。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">发言</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">4</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:我想到一些历史的事情,我最近在读一本关于法律史方面的著作,鲍曼写的《信仰支系》,其中写到,中世纪早期,社会文化分割成一个村落,大家是一个独立的村落、一个单元,但是有些修道院开始独立形成以后,有些大的修会会发展出很多修会来,这些修会有共同的规则,这个规则后来被扩展到公共窗口里去,把整个社会整合起来,这是中世纪晚期发生的事情。在美国的独立战争期间也是一样,原来美国的殖民地都是分割的,圣灵在那里浇灌的结果是教会很大的复兴,圣灵的大能使社会被拓展出公共的精神来,这个是被基督教精神所圣化的一种公共精神。我想问一下<st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on">李</st1:personname>老师,在中国当代的文化处境里面,我们是怎么看待人的位格的,在马克思主义的意识形态底下,他们重不重视人的位格?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 29.5pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:重视,但是在讲人的位格时,实际上只有一个人有位格,就是在最上面的那个人才有位格。中国传统文化也是一样,位格者是集体的、公共层次的位格者,所有的个体位格都要屈服于公共位格,可以说这是取代上帝的状态。人作为属灵的活物,有敬拜上帝的需要和本能,但是当没有上帝作为敬拜对象时,他会找别的东西来代替,而最直接的就是比他更大的众人所崇拜的偶像。我讲的是人格化的领导者,取代了上帝的位置。假如没有具体的人物时,位格是没有办法落实的。因为这里牵涉到一个自觉的议题,如何落实群体前面的方向,那个抉择者是领导人扮演的角色。在中国历史的政治体系中都是如此,个人的空间是被压抑的,要投射到集体领导身上,来落实国家或群体的自觉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">属灵生活:三一与敬拜生活</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 23.5pt; "><st1:personname productid="李" w:st="on"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">李</span></b></st1:personname><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">老师</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">:就三一论与崇拜的关系,我有三点要提,就是有关三位在崇拜生活当中的位置如何的问题。我们从主祷文就看的出来。主祷文中三位到底占了什么位置?第一个是对象问题,“我们在天上的父”,所以父在主祷文里面是非常清楚的对象,这并不是说我们向耶稣基督祷告就是错的,只不过在祷告对象当中父应该是有代表性的。第二是圣子的地位,耶稣要我们奉他的名祷告,这就牵涉名的意义的问题,当我们讲到名时到底是什么意义呢?我的理解是,名是一个载体,而这个载体所承载的是位格主体,这不是一般的载体,它是有功能的,这个功能是网络关系的功能,这就解释了为什么耶稣要奉他的名向父祷告,因为当我们以子的名向父祷告时,实际上是用了他的管道来跟父产生父子的关联性。我们也可以说奉耶稣的名赶鬼,原因是耶稣已经得胜了魔鬼,得胜的关系已经落实了,所以我们奉他的名也是用他的管道。我们也可以理解“你们当中有两三个人奉我的名聚集的时候,我就在你们当中了”,就是说他的名好像是一个范围,当我们奉他的名时,我们都在这个范围里面成为一体。所以,名在这里就有管道的意义,子就成为了一个管道。第三,是关于圣灵。其实我们都是在圣灵里面祷告。所以耶稣跟撒玛利亚妇人说:“时候将到,如今就是了。那真正拜父的,要用心灵和诚实拜他,因为父要这样的人拜他。神是灵,所以拜他的,必须用心灵和诚实拜他。”“上帝是灵”有两个可能的解释。一个是从上帝的神性本质来看,他不是一般的东西、物质,所以灵是讲到他的非物质的神性。另一个解释跟圣灵有关,这里可能是暗示跟上帝相通要在圣灵里面来进行,所以上帝是灵,拜他的要用心灵和诚实拜他,这个心灵和诚实的表达是二合一的表达,用第二个词来解释第一个词,用诚实的心灵拜父,或者是用开放的心灵,就是在上帝面前敞开的心灵,这个心灵就是在圣灵里面的敬拜。所以从这些不同的经文内容我们可以看到三一在祷告和敬拜的事上,父作为一个对象的代表性,通过子与父已经有的管道,在圣灵里面来达成。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 21pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">通过子的管道,有两个层次。一个是创造的层次,意思是说我们作为敬拜上帝的人是被造的人,通过子的管道就是说子是跨越了父与被造界的桥梁,我们是通过这个桥梁来敬拜。还有一个是救赎的层次,他成就了救恩,我们因为他的缘故,罪得赦免,可以通过他的管道来恢复与父的关系。这里,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">Zizioulas</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">的那本书里面特别提出了一个观念,人在敬拜过程中与万物之间的关系。人代表了万物,因为万物中只有人是有意识的敬拜上帝,而万物也是通过它们自身来敬拜上帝的,比如花漂亮、鸟声音很美,都是在敬拜上帝,但是它们没有意识到它们在敬拜上帝。而人是把它们整合在敬拜行动当中,这个敬拜行动是通过子。早上我讲过主轴的问题,讲到两个主轴是指不同的事情,但是可以借用一下。在敬拜过程中,其实我们是依附于圣子这个主轴来达成,子跟父本来有的相交的关系,而我们是通过这个主轴参与在当中,其实敬拜当中我们是参与者,是参与于子和父的关系当中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 24pt; "><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">最后讲到圣灵的角色。在崇拜当中我们要有一种自我提醒,不要成为一种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; ">self-sufficient</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; ">(自足的,自负的,傲慢的),有时候带崇拜的人,好像我要怎么带起这个敬拜,当然这样想也有其意义,就是怎么样做很好的准备。但是使整个敬拜起来的是圣灵的催促,是在我们所有的人心里的感动。圣灵的工作使得教会的崇拜成为一个真正能够在上帝面前敞开的崇拜,这就避免了人好像自己用自己的方法把气氛搞起来,唱诗要大声,或者打鼓,当然打鼓也没有错,但是不能用工具取代圣灵的自由运行的工作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><br clear="all"><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><div id="edn1"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">本文中大部分的材料,来自笔者《启示录注释</span> <span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上》,华神出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US">2007</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,页</span><span lang="EN-US">223-47</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn2"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">即</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,</span><span lang="EN-US">S. Gregg, ed., <i>Revelation: Four Views</i></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn3"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J. J. Collins, ‘Introduction: Toward the Morphology of a Genre,’ <i>Semeia</i> 14 (1979), 9</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn4"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">有关</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">目的</span><span lang="EN-US">” </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的部分,是</span><span lang="EN-US">A. Y. Collins (‘Introduction, <i>Semeia</i> 36 , 1-11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;引句由页</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">而来</span><span lang="EN-US">) </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">根据</span><span lang="EN-US">D. Hellholm </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">之研究结果而加上去的</span><span lang="EN-US"> (‘The Problem of Apocalyptic Genre and the Apocalypse of John,’ Semeia 36 , 13-64)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。类似的定义,亦见</span><span lang="EN-US">G. R. Osborne, <i>The Hermeneutical Spiral: A Comprehensive Introduction to Biblical Interpretation</i> (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1991), 222</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn5"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在新约诸书信的问候语中,唯有启示录将“七灵</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">圣灵</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">”包括在其中,并让祂也成为圣徒蒙福之源。</span></p></div><div id="edn6"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">启</span><span lang="EN-US">4:2, 3, 9, 10; 5:1, 7, 13; 6:16; 7:10, 15; 19:4; 20:11; 21:5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn7"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">狮乃野地之王;牛乃人类所豢养动物中,体形最大的;人乃万物之灵;而鹰乃天空飞鸟中,最强大的鸟禽。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn8"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">参,耶</span><span lang="EN-US">2:2; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">结</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">和</span><span lang="EN-US">23</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">章等处的经文。</span></p></div><div id="edn9"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在</span><span lang="EN-US">19:10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">和</span><span lang="EN-US">22:8-9</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">中,约翰意欲敬拜天使,但此一行动不单为天使所阻,并且也被天使吩咐,要敬拜神。因此从这个反差的对比中,我们更可见</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">羔羊得着敬拜</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的神学意义。</span></p></div><div id="edn10"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">显示</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">父子同有一样位格</span><span lang="EN-US">” </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的经文还有</span><span lang="EN-US">6:16; 14:1, 4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">和</span><span lang="EN-US">21:22-23</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn11"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">约翰将耶和华神之属性或称号</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">例如,</span><span style="font-family: DFKai-SB; ">圣洁的</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;</span><span style="font-family: DFKai-SB; ">我是阿拉法,我是俄梅戛</span><span style="font-family: DFKai-SB; "> </span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,加在人子身上的举措,就是一例。</span></p></div><div id="edn12"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在七封书信最中间的一封中,约翰的措词乃是</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">圣灵向<b><i>众</i></b>教会所说的话</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。此一设计显示,七封书信乃是以所有小亚细亚地区之教会为对象的。</span></p></div><div id="edn13"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在启示录中,约翰还几次听见那从天上或是从宝座而来的声音</span><span lang="EN-US"> (10:4, 8; 14:13; 16:1; 19:5)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,但在这些经文中,我们无法完全确定发生说话的,是否是父神。但即便这些声音的主人是祂,也不影响我们在此的论点和分析。</span></p></div><div id="edn14"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> 6:2, 4, 8, 11; 7:2; 8:2, 3; 9:1, 3, 5; 11:1, 2; 12:14; 13:5, 7, 14, 15; 16:8; 19:8; 19:19; 20:4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn15"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">经文索引,见笔者《启示录注释</span> <span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上》,页</span><span lang="EN-US">197</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn16"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">经文索引,见笔者《启示录注释</span> <span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上》,页</span><span lang="EN-US">196</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。此乃</span><span lang="EN-US">Bauckham</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的观察</span><span lang="EN-US"> (<i>The Climax</i>, 34-35)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn17"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">语出哥林多后书</span><span lang="EN-US">4:17</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn18"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">为了强化这个对比,约翰也让海兽的</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: DFKai-SB; ">如同被杀</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Bwgrkl; ">w`j evsfagme,non</span><span lang="EN-US">)”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,与羔羊之</span><span style="font-size: 4pt; "> </span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: DFKai-SB; ">像是被杀过的</span><span style="font-size: 4pt; font-family: DFKai-SB; color: black; "> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Bwgrkl; ">w`j evsfagme,nhn</span><span lang="EN-US">)”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,互相呼应</span><span lang="EN-US"> (5:6)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn19"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在整本圣经中,</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">天</span><span lang="EN-US">” </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">当然不只有在这两个事件中开启。在神从天降火烧灭所多玛和蛾摩拉的事件中</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">创</span><span lang="EN-US">19:24-25)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,在摩西于西乃山上领受十诫之时</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">出</span><span lang="EN-US">19:16-20:21)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,在先知们看见异象之际</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">例如,赛</span><span lang="EN-US">6:1-13; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">结</span><span lang="EN-US">1:1-28; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">亚</span><span lang="EN-US">1:7ff</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">等等</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,甚或在五旬节圣灵降临的时候</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">徒</span><span lang="EN-US">2:1-13)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,天都曾开启。但在圣经中,具有最重大意义的事件,乃是人子的降世和升天。</span></p></div><div id="edn20"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">此乃</span><span lang="EN-US">R. Bauckham</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的观察</span><span lang="EN-US"> (<i>The Theology of the Book of Revelation</i>, 28-30)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,但笔者也在其上,做了一些加增和修正。</span></p></div><div id="edn21"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">和合本作</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">昔在今在以后永在</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,但在原文中,</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">今在</span><span lang="EN-US">” </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">是在</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">昔在</span><span lang="EN-US">” </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">之前;而</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">以后永在</span><span lang="EN-US">” </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的原意,乃是</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">将要再临</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn22"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">参,民</span><span lang="EN-US">33:52; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">申</span><span lang="EN-US">2:33-34; 3:3, 6; 7:2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">等等。</span></p></div><div id="edn23"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">参,约</span><span lang="EN-US">5:22, 27, 30; 9:39; 12:31</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn24"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">此乃带冠词之</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">我是</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Bwgrkl; ">eivmi,</span><span lang="EN-US">)” </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的未来分词。</span></p></div><div id="edn25"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">详见笔者《启示录注释</span> <span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上》,</span><span lang="EN-US">1:8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的注释。</span></p></div><div id="edn26"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">详见笔者《启示录注释</span> <span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上》,</span><span lang="EN-US">1:<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="17" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">17c</st1:chmetcnv><st1:chmetcnv unitname="a" sourcevalue="18" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">-18a</st1:chmetcnv></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的注释。</span></p></div><div id="edn27"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: DFKai-SB; ">万军之耶和华说﹕不是依靠势力,不是依靠才能,乃是依靠我的灵,方能成事</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">亚</span><span lang="EN-US">4:6b)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn28"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">详见笔者《启示录注释</span> <span style="font-family: 宋体; ">上</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">》,</span><span lang="EN-US">1:4d</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的注释。此一理解,其实和彼得在五旬节那天,以先知约珥</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">在末日凡有血气的都要被神的灵所浇灌</span><span lang="EN-US">” </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">之预言,来解释当天所发生之事的手法</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">徒</span><span lang="EN-US">2:16-36)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">,没有两样。因为这两段旧约经文的共同主旨,都是</span><span lang="EN-US"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">神的灵将要在末日重建并扩张神的圣殿</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn29"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">参,</span><span lang="EN-US">19:19</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">中,海兽的聚集众军,要与羔羊争战的论述,以及</span><span lang="EN-US">20:7-9</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">中,从无底坑中暂时得着释放之撒旦,招聚歌革玛各之军,要攻击教会</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">圣徒的营与蒙爱的城</span><span lang="EN-US">) </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的画面。</span></p></div><div id="edn30"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">相关讨论,见笔者《启示录注释</span> <span style="font-family: 宋体; ">下》,附录十四,特别是页</span><span lang="EN-US">1683-85</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn31"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9.15pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -9.15pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">参,笔者《启示录注释</span> <span style="font-family: 宋体; ">中》,</span><span lang="EN-US">13:8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">的分析。</span></p></div><div id="edn32"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 13.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -13.3pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "></a><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">注释:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black; "></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">郭立特(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black; ">T.S. Garrett</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">):《基督教的崇拜》,陈锡辉译,香港,道声出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black; ">1988</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black; ">3</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; ">版。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn33"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black; "> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; ">韦柏(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Robert E.Webber</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; ">):《崇拜認古識今》何李穎芬,香港,宣道出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">2000</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; ">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; ">版。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn34"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref34" name="_edn34" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> James B. Torranc, <i>Worship, Community & the Triune God of Grace</i>, InterVarsity Press, 1997, Pp.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> <span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; ">20-24.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn35"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref35" name="_edn35" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">李锦纶《永活上帝生命主》,台北,中福出版有限公司,</span><span lang="EN-US">2004</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">年,第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">版,</span><span lang="EN-US">134-139</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">页。</span></p></div><div id="edn36"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref36" name="_edn36" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">佚名:“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">论当代华文基督教界二十一种三一神观”,</span><st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="20" month="4" year="2009" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">2009</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">4</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">20</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">日</span></st1:chsdate><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">,访问于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 12pt; "><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.ccccn.org/article/teo/dogma/jibenshenxue/2007-12-02/580.html" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">http://www.ccccn.org/article/teo ... t;/span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; ">。</span></p></div><div id="edn37"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 5.25pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -5.25pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref37" name="_edn37" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Calvin, <i>Institutes of Christian Religion</i>, trans by Ford Lewis Battles. ed John.T. McNeill, ( Louisville • London</span></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Westminster John Knox Press).</span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Vol.<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="30" month="12" year="1899" w:st="on">1.13.5</st1:chsdate>.</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn38"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 5.25pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -5.25pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref38" name="_edn38" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Calvin, <i>Institutes</i>. </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Vol.1.1&2 also Vol. <st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="30" month="12" year="1899" w:st="on">1.15.1</st1:chsdate>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn39"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 15.75pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -15.75pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref39" name="_edn39" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> <i>Commentary on Micah</i> 4:3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn40"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 15.75pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -15.75pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref40" name="_edn40" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> Calvin, <i>Sermons of M. John Calvin on the Epistles of S. Paule to Timothy and Titus, </i>trans. L.T. (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 1983), sermon on 1 timothy 2:5-6, </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">pp.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; ">161-72.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn41"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 15.75pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -15.75pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref41" name="_edn41" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> <i>Commentaries on Acts </i>2:1</span></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">-</span></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">4.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn42"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref42" name="_edn42" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> <i>Commentary on Psalm</i> 110:3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn43"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref43" name="_edn43" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> T. F. Torrance, <i>Kingdom and Church</i> ( London: Oliver and Boyd, 1956), </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">p.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; ">161.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn44"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 10.5pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -10.5pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref44" name="_edn44" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black; ">John Calvin, <i>The Necessity of Reforming the Church</i> (reprint, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Dallas</st1:city></st1:place>: Protestant Heritage Press, 1995), 17—18.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn45"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 15.75pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -15.75pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref45" name="_edn45" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> Calvin, <i>Institutes</i> Vol.1.9.3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn46"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 15.75pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -15.75pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref46" name="_edn46" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> Calvin, <i>Commentaries of Calvin </i>(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,1950ff,).on Psalm 2:8,110:2, Matthew 6:10, 12:31, John 13:31.(</span></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">下称</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">如</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Commentary on Psalm</span></i></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">2:8)</span></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn47"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref47" name="_edn47" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">19</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn48"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref48" name="_edn48" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">20</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">1-17</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn49"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref49" name="_edn49" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">23-24<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn50"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 15.75pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -15.75pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref50" name="_edn50" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">William D. Maxwell, <i>An Outline Of Christian Worship Its Development And Forms</i>, Scott Press, 2007, p2<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn51"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref51" name="_edn51" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> Ibid. p4.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn52"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref52" name="_edn52" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">林前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">15: 1-4; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">提前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn53"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref53" name="_edn53" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">帖前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">27; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">提前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">13</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;歌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn54"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref54" name="_edn54" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">徒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">20</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">7</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">林前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">14</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">26</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn55"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref55" name="_edn55" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">徒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">42; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">提前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">1-2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn56"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref56" name="_edn56" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">林前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">11~14</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn57"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref57" name="_edn57" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">林前:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">20</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;罗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">帖前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">26; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">彼前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn58"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref58" name="_edn58" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">弗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">19;</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">林前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">26</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;歌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">3</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn59"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref59" name="_edn59" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">林前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">23</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">22</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">19</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">提前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn60"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref60" name="_edn60" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">弗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">14; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">腓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">27; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">提前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn61"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref61" name="_edn61" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">17</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn62"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref62" name="_edn62" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">太:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">26</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">26-8; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">可</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">14</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">22-4; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">22</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">19-20</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;林前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16, 11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">23</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn63"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref63" name="_edn63" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">19; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">徒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">42; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">林前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="30" month="12" year="1899" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">23.25.26</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn64"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref64" name="_edn64" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">罗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">15</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">26</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">;林前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">1-2; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">林后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">9</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">10-13</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn65"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref65" name="_edn65" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">歌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">14</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn66"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref66" name="_edn66" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">太</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">9-13; </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">2-4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn67"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 8.3pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -8.3pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref67" name="_edn67" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">林前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">6-7</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn68"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 16pt; "><a href="file:///E:/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%A8/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm#_ednref68" name="_edn68" title="" style="color: rgb(71, 54, 36); text-decoration: underline; "><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; "> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Willam J. Bouwsma,<i> Christian Sprituality of John Calvin </i>in Bernard McGinn, Jill Raitt, John Meyendorff Ed, <i>Christian Spirituality</i>: <i>High Middle Ages and Reformation </i>Vol.2,Routledge, 1987,.</span></p></div></div></span>
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